{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:38:40Z","timestamp":1788489520895,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AI099525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI099525"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10104-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T17:01:56Z","timestamp":1729875716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi among symptomatic and asymptomatic children in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Kavai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Oyugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Mbae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Kering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Muturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Kebenei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Omulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10104_CR1","first-page":"78","volume":"4","author":"Centre for Disease Control","year":"2020","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control. Typhoid and paratyphoid. Travellers Health. 2020;4:78.","journal-title":"Travellers Health"},{"key":"10104_CR2","unstructured":"(WHO). (2017). Typhoid Fever. http:\/\/www.who.int\/ith\/vaccines\/typhoidfever\/en\/"},{"key":"10104_CR3","unstructured":"(WHO). (2019). Vaccines and disease, Typhoid. Immunization, Vaccine and Biologicals Newsletter."},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"10104_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S492","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz525","volume":"69","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JH, Im J, Parajulee P, Holm M, Cruz Espinoza LM, Poudyal N, Mogeni OD, Marks F. A systematic review of typhoid fever occurrence in Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(Suppl 6):S492\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz525. PMID: 31665777; PMCID: PMC6821235.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10104_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0537","volume":"99","author":"K Simiyu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simiyu K, Jamka L. Typhoid in a Kenyan village: its impact, its Prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(5):1112\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0537. PMID: 30404685; PMCID: PMC6221209.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10104_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breiman RF, Cosmas L, Njuguna H, Audi A, Black B, Ochieng JB, Wamola N, Bigogo GM, Awiti G, Tabu WC, Burke H, Williamson OJ, Mintz D, E. and, Feikin R. D. Population-Based Incidence of Typhoid Fever in an Urban Informal Settlement and a Rural Area in Kenya: Implications for Typhoid Vaccine Use in Africa. PLoS ONE, 2012;1: 291\u2013299.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029119"},{"key":"10104_CR7","first-page":"606","volume":"10","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kariuki S, Gilks C, Revathi G, Hart CA. Genotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, Kenya. Emergence Infect Dis. 2000;10:606\u201316.","journal-title":"Emergence Infect Dis"},{"key":"10104_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01983-09","volume":"48","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kariuki S, Revathi G, Kiiru J, Mengo DM, Mwituria J, Muyodi J, Gordon G. Typhoid in Kenya is associated with a dominant multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi haplotype that is also widespread in Southeast Asia. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:2171\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10104_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.503","volume":"6","author":"D Mengo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mengo D, Kariuki S, Muigai A. Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi in Nairobi, Kenya from 2004 to 2006. J Infect Developing Ctries. 2010;6:393\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Developing Ctries"},{"key":"10104_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry, C. M., Thompson, C., Vinh, H., Chinh, N.T., Phuong, L.T., Ho,V.A., Hien, T.T.,\u2026 Baker, S. Risk factors for the development of severe typhoid fever in Vietnam. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2014;14, 73\u201376.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-73"},{"key":"10104_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003748","volume":"9","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feasey NA, Gaskell K, Wong V, Msefula C, Selemani G, Kumwenda S, Heyderman RS. Rapid Emergence of Multidrug Resistant, H58-Lineage Salmonella Typhi in Blantyre,Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:374\u20139.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10104_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2004.04.009","volume":"4","author":"KO Akinyemi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akinyemi KO, Smith SI, Oyefolu AB, &Coker AO. Multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi isolated from patients with typhoid fever complications in Lagos. Nigeria Public Health. 2005;4:321\u20137.","journal-title":"Nigeria Public Health"},{"key":"10104_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","volume":"10","author":"V Mogasale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mogasale V, Maskery B, Ochiai RL, Lee JS, Ramani E, Park JK. Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment. Lancet Global Health. 2014;10:570\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10104_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2018.87038","volume":"8","author":"S Kavai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kavai S, Kangogo M, Muigai A. Analysis of trends in Resistance to fluoroquinolones and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactams among Salmonella Typhi isolates obtained from patients at four outpatient clinics in Nairobi County, KenyaNo Title. Adv Microbiol. 2018;8:578\u201388.","journal-title":"Adv Microbiol"},{"key":"10104_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.47","volume":"9","author":"CM Parry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parry CM, Wijedoru L, Arjyal A, Baker S. The utility of diagnostic tests for enteric fever in endemic locations. Expert Reviews Antimicrobials Infect Therapy. 2011;9:711\u201325.","journal-title":"Expert Reviews Antimicrobials Infect Therapy"},{"key":"10104_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1086\/649541","volume":"50","author":"JA Crump","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crump JA, Mintz ED. Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:241\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10104_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kariuki S, Mbae C, Van Puyvelde S, Onsare R, Kavai S, Wairimu C, Ngetich R, Clemens J, Dougan G. High relatedness of invasive multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella genotypes among patients and asymptomatic asymptomatic in endemic informal settlements in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020;14, e0008440.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008440"},{"issue":"11","key":"10104_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.06.007","volume":"22","author":"JS Gunn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gunn JS, Joanna M, Marshall S, Baker S, Dongol, Richelle C, Charles. E. T. R. Salmonella chronic carriage: epidemiology, diagnosis, and gallbladder persistence. Trends Microbiol. 2014;22(11):648\u201355.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10104_CR19","unstructured":"CLSI supplement M100, Wayne PA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2022."},{"key":"10104_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.102","volume":"33","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kariuki S, Gordon MA, Feasey N, Parry CM, Trust W, Campus G, Kingdom U, Health G, Wellcome L, Clinical T, Street K, Street K, Health G. Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease. Vaccine. 2015;33:21\u20139.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10104_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1449-1452.2000","volume":"38","author":"S Mirza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mirza S, Kariuki S, Mamun KZ, Beeching NJ. A. Analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Asia. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1449\u201352.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10104_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05134-z","volume":"20","author":"M Mbae Cecilia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mbae Cecilia M, Mwangi N, Gitau T, Irungu F, Muendo Z, Wakio R, Wambui S, Kavai R, Onsare C, Wairimu R, Ngetich F, Njeru S, Van Puyvelde J, Clemens GD. Factors associated with the occurrence of salmonellosis among children living in Mukuru slum, an urban informal settlement in Kenya. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:422.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10104_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jung SH. Stratified Fisher\u2019s exact test and its sample size calculation. Biom J. 2014;56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bimj.201300048.","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201300048"},{"issue":"8","key":"10104_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis012","volume":"54","author":"E Lutterloh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lutterloh E, Likaka A, Sejvar J, Manda R, Naiene J, Monroe SS, et al. Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the Malawi-Mozambique Border. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1100\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10104_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001921","volume":"6","author":"O Lunguya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lunguya O, Lejon V, Phoba M-F, Bertrand S, Vanhoof R, Verhaegen J, et al. Salmonella Typhi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: fluoroquinolone decreased susceptibility on the rise. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(11):e1921.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10104_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67852","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67852","volume":"10","author":"ZA Samuel Kariuki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samuel Kariuki ZA, Dyson C, Mbae R, Ngetich, Susan M, Kavai C, Wairimu S, Anyona N, Gitau RS, Onsare B, Ongandi S, Duchene M, Ali JD, Clemens, Kathryn E. Holt, Gordon Dougan multiple introductions of multidrug-resistant typhoid associated with acute infection and asymptomatic carriage. Kenya eLife. 2021;10:e67852.","journal-title":"Kenya eLife"},{"key":"10104_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arif M, Tanmoy E, Westeel KD, Bruyne J, Goris A, Rajoharison, Mohammad SI, Sajib A, van Belkum SK, Saha. Florence Komurian-Pradel, Hubert P. Endtz Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Bangladesh: Exploration of Genomic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance, ASM Journals mBio, 2018; Vol. 9, No. 6 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02112-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02112-18"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10104-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10104-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10104-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T17:02:21Z","timestamp":1729875741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10104-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10104-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Scientific and Ethics Review Unit of the Kenya Medical Research Institute approved the initial study (SSC Protocol No. 2076). Informed written consent was sought from parents or guardians of all the study participants (\u2264\u200916 years). In addition to the written informed consent given by parent\/guardian, participants aged 12 to 16 also provided informed verbal consent. The Kenyatta National Hospital-University of Nairobi ethical review committee granted ethical permission for this current study, which used archived isolates (No. P950\/12\/2021). With permission from the National Commission for Science and Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), Kenya, a research license with number NACOSTI\/P\/22\/20305 was also acquired. After the bacterial isolates were unarchived, unique research identification numbers were added to ensure participant anonymity. The Helsinki Declaration was followed in the execution of all methodologies and procedures used in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}],"article-number":"1205"}}