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As such, this study refines the application of the non-invasive Secondary Electrospray Ionization-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) methodology for real-time and early detection of human respiratory bacterial pathogens in the respiratory tract of a mouse infection model.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A real-time analysis of changes in volatile metabolites excreted by mice undergoing a lung infection by <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were evaluated using a SESI-HRMS instrument. The infection status was confirmed using classical CFU enumeration and tissue histology. The detected VOCs were analyzed using a pre- and post-processing algorithm along with ANOVA and RASCA statistical evaluation methods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Characteristic changes in the VOCs emitted from the mice were detected as early as 4\u20136\u00a0h post-inoculation. Additionally, by using each mouse as its own baseline, we mimicked the inherent variation within biological organism and reported significant variations in 25 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the course of a lung bacterial infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>the non-invasive SESI-HRMS enables real-time detection of infection specific VOCs. However, further refinement of this technology is necessary to improve clinical patient management, treatment, and facilitate decisions regarding antibiotic use due to early infection detection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10371-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T20:09:12Z","timestamp":1735330152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Early detection of bacterial pneumonia by characteristic induced odor signatures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kim","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"de Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Boccard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapil Dev","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Rudaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Sinues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies S.","family":"Zinkernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10371_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010456","volume":"22","author":"S Rentschler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rentschler S, Kaiser L, Deigner H-P. 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