{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T13:47:11Z","timestamp":1779025631834,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10381-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T15:06:16Z","timestamp":1735052776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in polio immunisation coverage among two-year-olds in Sierra Leone, 2008\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Augustus","family":"Osborne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umaru","family":"Sesay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alieu","family":"Tommy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alpha Umaru","family":"Bai-Sesay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Bangura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia B.","family":"Kangbai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"10381_CR1","unstructured":"Poliomyelitis. (polio). https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/poliomyelitis. 2024. Accessed July 23, 2024."},{"key":"10381_CR2","unstructured":"Poliomyelitis. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/poliomyelitis. 2023. Accessed July 23, 2024."},{"key":"10381_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. State of inequality: childhood immunization. 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"10381_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e079570","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079570","volume":"14","author":"H Fekadu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fekadu H, Mekonnen W, Adugna A, Kloos H, HaileMariam D. Inequities and trends of Polio immunisation among children aged 12\u201323 months in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey. BMJ Open. 2024;14(3):e079570.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"10381_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16076","volume":"110","author":"B Zegeye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zegeye B, El-Khatib Z, Oladimeji O, Ahinkorah BO, Ameyaw EK, Seidu AA, et al. Demographic and health surveys showed widening trends in Polio immunisation inequalities in Guinea. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(12):3334\u201342.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10381_CR6","unstructured":"GPEI-Sierra Leone. https:\/\/polioeradication.org\/where-we-work\/sierra-leone\/. 2024. Accessed July 23, 2024."},{"key":"10381_CR7","unstructured":"Sierra Leone concludes First Round of a Nationwide Polio Vaccination. - Sierra Leone | ReliefWeb. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/sierra-leone\/sierra-leone-concludes-first-round-nationwide-polio-vaccination. 2024. Accessed July 23, 2024."},{"key":"10381_CR8","unstructured":"WHO | Regional Office for Africa. Sierra Leone Confirms New Cases of Polio Variant, Implements Comprehensive Response Plan. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/countries\/sierra-leone\/news\/sierra-leone-confirms-new-cases-polio-variant-implements-comprehensive-response-plan. 2024. Accessed July 23, 2024."},{"key":"10381_CR9","unstructured":"Statistics Sierra Leone - StatsSL, ICF. Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2019. StatsSL\/ICF; 2020."},{"key":"10381_CR10","volume-title":"Built-in database edition. Version 6.0","author":"Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT)","year":"2024","unstructured":"Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT). Software for exploring and comparing health inequalities in countries. Built-in database edition. Version 6.0. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024."},{"issue":"12","key":"10381_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","volume":"12","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10381_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063697","volume":"19","author":"A Schlotheuber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schlotheuber A, Hosseinpoor AR. Summary measures of health inequality: a review of existing measures and their application. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(6):3697.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10381_CR13","unstructured":"WHO. Handbook on health inequality monitoring with a special focus on low and middle-income countries. Geneva World Health Organization; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"10381_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0229-9","volume":"16","author":"AR Hosseinpoor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hosseinpoor AR, Nambiar D, Schlotheuber A, Reidpath D, Ross Z. Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT): software for exploring and comparing health inequalities in countries. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10381_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2484","volume":"33","author":"S Witter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Witter S, Brikci N, Harris T, Williams R, Keen S, Mujica A, et al. The free healthcare initiative in Sierra Leone: evaluating a health system reform, 2010-2015. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2018;33(2):434\u201348.","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"10381_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sierra Leone Launches the 1st Round of Polio National Immunization Days Campaign. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/news\/sierra-leone-launches-1st-round-polio-national-immunization-days-campaign-2012. 2012. Accessed July 15, 2024."},{"key":"10381_CR17","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sierra Leone Launches 2nd Round Polio National Immunization Campaign. https:\/\/unipsil.unmissions.org\/sites\/default\/files\/who_sl_launches_2nd_polio_nationalimmunizationcampaign2012.pdf. 2012. Accessed July 15, 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"10381_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4181-3","volume":"19","author":"MB Jalloh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jalloh MB, Bah AJ, James PB, Sevalie S, Hann K, Shmueli A. Impact of the free healthcare initiative on wealth-related inequity in the utilization of maternal & child health services in Sierra Leone. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):352.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10381_CR19","unstructured":"CDC. 2014\u20132016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/history\/2014-2016-outbreak\/index.html. 2020. Accessed March 24, 2024."},{"key":"10381_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elston JWT, Moosa AJ, Moses F, Walker G, Dotta N, Waldman RJ et al. Impact of the Ebola outbreak on health systems and population health in Sierra Leone. J Public Health. 2015;fdv158.","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv158"},{"issue":"1","key":"10381_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4242-7","volume":"17","author":"X Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun X, Samba TT, Yao J, Yin W, Xiao L, Liu F, et al. Impact of the Ebola Outbreak on Routine Immunization in Western Area, Sierra Leone - a Field Survey from an Ebola Epidemic Area. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):363.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10381_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brolin Ribacke KJ, van Duinen AJ, Nordenstedt H, H\u00f6ijer J, Molnes R, Froseth TW et al. The Impact of the West Africa Ebola Outbreak on Obstetric Health Care in Sierra Leone. Bouchama A, editor. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(2):e0150080.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150080"},{"key":"10381_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-6","volume":"11","author":"MK Mutua","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mutua MK, Kimani-Murage E, Ettarh RR. Childhood vaccination in informal urban settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: who gets vaccinated? BMC Public Health. 2011;11:1\u20131.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10381_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10088-7","volume":"24","author":"A Osborne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Osborne A, Sesay U, Tommy A, Bangura C, Ahinkorah BO. Inequalities in measles immunization coverage among two-year-olds in Sierra Leone, 2008\u20132019. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):1\u20130.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10381_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113816","volume":"277","author":"Z Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Z, Kim R, Subramanian SV. Economic-related inequalities in child health interventions: an analysis of 65 low-and middle-income countries. Soc Sci Med. 2021;277:113816.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10381_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0276102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276102","volume":"17","author":"M Tsawe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsawe M, Susuman AS. Inequalities in maternal Healthcare use in Sierra Leone: evidence from the 2008\u20132019 demographic and health surveys. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(10):e0276102.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10381_CR27","unstructured":"Government of Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, COMPREHENSIVE EPI MULTI-YEAR. PLAN 2012\u20132016. https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/countryplanningcycles\/sites\/default\/files\/country_docs\/Sierra%20Leone\/cmyp-_2012-2016_narrative_for_sierra_leone_final_updated_on_the_23_jan_2014.pdf. 2014. Accessed October 12, 2024."},{"key":"10381_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S350510","volume":"14","author":"TB Raru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raru TB, Ayana GM, Zakaria HF, Merga BT. Association of higher Educational Attainment on Antenatal Care utilization among pregnant women in East Africa Using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 2010 to 2018: a Multilevel Analysis. Int J Womens Health. 2022;14:67\u201377.","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10381_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-022-01432-8","volume":"19","author":"D Amwonya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amwonya D, Kigosa N, Kizza J. Female education and maternal health care utilization: evidence from Uganda. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):142.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10381_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173578","volume":"12","author":"ST Adedokun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adedokun ST, Adekanmbi VT, Uthman OA, Lilford RJ. Contextual factors associated with health care service utilization for children with acute childhood illnesses in Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(3):e0173578.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"18","key":"10381_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189546","volume":"18","author":"M Caviglia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caviglia M, Dell\u2019Aringa M, Putoto G, Buson R, Pini S, Youkee D, Jambai A, Vandy MJ, Rosi P, Hubloue I, Della Corte F. Improving access to healthcare in Sierra Leone: the role of the newly developed national emergency medical service. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9546.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10381-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10381-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10381-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T16:01:37Z","timestamp":1735056097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10381-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10381-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not seek ethical clearance since the WHO HEAT software and the dataset are freely available in the public domain.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1461"}}