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This protection was related to a unique T-cell mediated response (Th1 and Th17). In immunocompetent humans <jats:italic>T.gondii<\/jats:italic> infection is generally asymptomatic but leads to the formation of cysts in several organs. These cysts may reactivate during episodes of immunosuppression, owing to a Th1 immune exhaustion, leading to numerous complications. The objectives of the current study were to assess whether NPL\/<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> vaccine can stimulate a specific IFN-\u03b3 secretion on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Toxo-positive donors, in order to potentially prevent reactivation of the parasite. By using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays, the frequency of IFN-\u03b3 producing cells was quantified after 72\u00a0h of stimulation. This stimulation was specific of the Toxo\u2009+\u2009donors\u2019 memory T-cells. The uptake of this formulation by PBMCs was evaluated using flow cytometry, more particularly in T lymphocytes (CD3\u2009+\u2009CD4\u2009+\u2009and CD3\u2009+\u2009CD8\u2009+), B lymphocytes (CD3- CD19\u2009+) and natural killer cells (CD3- CD56\u2009+). Surprisingly, a lower antigen uptake was observed in all cell populations from Toxo\u2009+\u2009donors compared with the seronegative ones. Further in vitro analysis revealed that the early specific IFN-\u03b3 secretion by stimulated memory cells from Toxo-positive donors inhibited the endocytosis mechanism, therefore lowering their own vaccine uptake. These results suggest that NPL\/<jats:italic>T.gondii<\/jats:italic> formulation can specifically trigger the existing Th1 immune response in positive donors, reinforcing their ability to control infection and reactivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10656-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T12:20:50Z","timestamp":1740572450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["T-cell activation of Toxoplasma gondii positive donors by maltodextrin nanoparticles formulated with killed Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Vargas-Montes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Fasquelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor Ivan","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Enrique","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Betbeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10656_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01994-9","volume":"42","author":"D Kalogeropoulos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalogeropoulos D, Sakkas H, Mohammed B, Vartholomatos G, Malamos K, Sreekantam S, et al. 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Heparinized blood samples were spared from blood donation nonrelated to the study, of anonymous and healthy volunteers, regardless of their previous Toxoplasma infection statues, and collected by the Etablissement Fran\u00e7ais du Sang (EFS, convention PLER-UPR\/2020\/002). Despite not being recruited specifically for the study, all donors gave their written consent that the blood could also be used for research purpose. Blood samples were donated by the EFS for the project with the approval and in accordance with the French Research Agency recommendations, for specific research use only (Article L1221-8\u20131, French Public Health Code). In this case, the need for ethics approval is deemed unnecessary according to national regulations. All blood samples were processed within 24\u00a0h of sampling.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors state the following competing interest: FF and DB are employed at Vaxinano. Vaxinano hold a patent for the use of the maltodextrin nanoparticle in the development of vaccines against T.gondii.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"279"}}