{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:07:39Z","timestamp":1790960859930,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein - Campus L\u00fcbeck"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>) is a common pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Epidemics occur every 3\u20137 years especially in pediatric patients. We collected data from a large laboratory network in Germany to define the epidemiological dynamics in the pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic period.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this retrospective cohort study we included all patients that obtained targeted or multiplex PCR for <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> from nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum or bronchoalveolar fluids from 2015 to 2024. Demographic data (age, sex, place of residence, in- or outpatient status) were compared between <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> positive and negative patients and co-infections with bacterial or viral pathogens analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We screened 38,204 patients for <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. We identified 1448 cases (3.8%) of <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (48.8% females). Pediatric patients\u2009\u2264\u200918 years represented 75.7% of <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> patients and 2.3% were \u2265\u200960 years. Incidence of <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> increased in fourth quartile 2015 (16.2%), second quartile 2018 (14.8%) and fourth quartile 2023 (13.4%). No cases were detected during COVID-19 pandemic 2021. Young age (aOR 0.98 95%-CI 0.97\u20130.98), outpatient status (aOR 0.56 95%-CI 0.43\u20130.71) and year of testing (OR dependent on year of testing) were predictors of <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> detection in multivariate analysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). We observed a significant increase in outpatients with <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> after COVID-19 pandemic (86.7 vs. 96.5%, p\u2009=\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, aOR 0.25, 95% CI 0.15\u20130.4).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Empirical treatment of CAP patients often does not include coverage of <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. A more thorough implementation of available surveillance data into clinical routine, respective therapies could be adapted more quickly during epidemic outbreaks of <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10657-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T09:25:41Z","timestamp":1741253141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Re-emergence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae before and after COVID-19 pandemic in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1692-5521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederike","family":"Waldeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias Siegfried","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Boutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Matten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10657_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy419","volume":"68","author":"PK Kutty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kutty PK, Jain S, Taylor TH, Bramley AM, Diaz MH, Ampofo K, Arnold SR, Williams DJ, Edwards KM, McCullers JA, Pavia AT, Winchell JM, Schrag SJ, Hicks LA. 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The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki (Ethics approval number 2024-897167).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human Ethics and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"318"}}