{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:41:12Z","timestamp":1776184872347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Infection with <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> (TV) is the most prevalent curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally\u00a0and is associated with\u00a0prelabour rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, and low birthweight. Point-of-care (POC) testing for TV during pregnancy may facilitate rapid antenatal case detection and treatment. This study, part of the World Health Organization\u2019s global ProSPeRo study, aimed to evaluate the performance of OSOM\u00ae Trichomonas Rapid Test, an antigen-based POC test, against a reference nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) among pregnant women in Zambia. We also assessed the operational characteristics and patient acceptability of the POC test, within the context of WHO\u2019s target product profiles for STI POC tests.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We enrolled\u00a0pregnant women attending four health centres in Nchelenge, Zambia, for antenatal care between 15 February and 26 May 2023. Vaginal swabs for the TV POC test and a reference NAAT (Aptima\u00ae <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> assay) were obtained. POC test results were read independently by two study staff members. Study staff filled a questionnaire on the operational characteristics of the POC test, and participants were asked about their willingness to wait for results.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Paired POC and reference test samples were collected from 1,015 participants. Overall, 23.0% (233\/1015) tested positive for TV by NAAT, and 15.3% (155\/1015) tested positive by the POC test, with three inconclusive results. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the POC test were 66.4% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 57.7\u201374.1%) and 99.6% (95% CI: 98.8\u201399.9%), respectively. Sensitivity was higher among those with TV-associated symptoms compared to those without (83.6% versus 60.4%, relative ratio 1.39,\u00a095% CI 1.14\u20131.68). Inter-rater agreement was 99.7% (Cohen\u2019s Kappa 0.989). The study staff (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914) found the test easy to use and interpret, with most staff (12\/14) reporting results were available within 25\u00a0min.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall, the TV POC test showed lower sensitivity than WHO\u2019s 85% target, but exceeded the 99% specificity target. Among symptomatic pregnant women, sensitivity nearly reached the WHO target. The assay was user-friendly, required minimal training, and delivered results quickly. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal antenatal settings for this technology.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PACTR202302766902029.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10698-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T09:27:02Z","timestamp":1741858022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of an antigen-based point-of-care test versus nucleic acid amplification testing for genital trichomoniasis among pregnant women attending antenatal care facilities in Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumire","family":"Sorano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enesia Banda","family":"Chaponda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Mirandola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ephraim","family":"Chikwanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Mwewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce M.","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Chaponda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Ghilardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma M.","family":"Harding-Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuaki","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Chandramohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Golparian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Mahmoud","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Blondeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Unemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Toskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R Matthew","family":"Chico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10698_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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