{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T17:01:29Z","timestamp":1762102889377,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National natural science foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["(NO.82372178)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(NO.82372178)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research program of Hunan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["(C2023022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(C2023022)"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Health High-Level Talent Scientific Research Project","award":["(R2023018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(R2023018)"]}]},{"name":"Changsha Natural Science Foundation","award":["(kq2208445)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(kq2208445)"]}]},{"name":"National Key Clinical Specialty Scientific Research Project","award":["(Z2023047)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(Z2023047)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["(2025JJ80547)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2025JJ80547)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>is<\/jats:italic> the leading pathogen for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance, making it the most problematic bacteria for human infections. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum magnesium levels and clinical outcomes in patients with <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> sepsis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Data of <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> septic patients were collected from the MIMIC-IV database. Patients were divided into three groups based on tertiles of serum magnesium levels. Three models were utilized, including the raw model (unadjusted), Model I (adjusted for age and gender), and Model II (adjusted for all potential confounding factors). Linear model and two-segment nonlinear model were established to examine the relationship between serum magnesium and 30-day, 60-day, and 90-day mortality rates. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis was performed to assess cumulative hazard of mortalities at 30-day, 60-day, 90-day based on tertiles of serum magnesium levels.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 421 <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> septic patients were included and classified into tertiles: Q1(&lt;\u20091.6\u00a0mg\/dL), Q2 (1.6-1.9\u00a0mg\/dL), Q3(&gt;\u20091.9\u00a0mg\/dL). In the Model adjusting for all potential confounders, for every 1\u00a0mg\/dL increase in serum magnesium, there was a significant increase in 30-day, 60-day, and 90-day mortality rates, with odds ratios of 4.01 (95% CI 1.22\u201313.19, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022), 4.81 (95% CI 1.59\u201314.53, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005), and 4.45 (95% CI 1.52\u201312.96, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) respectively. And linear model is more suitable for describing the relationship between serum magnesium levels and clinical outcomes. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the cumulative hazard of mortalities at 30-day, 60-day, 90-day increased with the prolongation of hospital stay, particularly in the group with the highest serum magnesium level.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Increased level of serum magnesium is significantly associated with increased risk of 30-day, 60-day and 90-day mortality in a population of septic patients with <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10979-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T10:11:40Z","timestamp":1745835100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relation between serum magnesium and outcome in patients with Escherichia coli sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bangqi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conglong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiquan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liudang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"10979_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and National sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7"},{"key":"10979_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bonten M, Johnson JR, van den Biggelaar AHJ, et al. Epidemiology of e.coli bacteremia: A systematic literature review. Clin infect dis. 2021;72(7):1211\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa210","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa210"},{"key":"10979_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei Xin, Tu Ye, Bu Shuhong, et al. Unraveling the intricate web: complement activation shapes the pathogenesis of Sepsis-Induced coagulopathy. J Innate Immun. 2024;16(1):337\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000539502","DOI":"10.1159\/000539502"},{"key":"10979_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almehdar Hussein, Yousef Nagwan, van den Boogaard, Wilma et al. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns at the m\u00e9decins Sans fronti\u00e8res (MSF) acute trauma hospital in Aden, Yemen: a retrospective study from January 2018 to June 2021. JAC-antimicrobial resistance. 2024;6(2):dlae024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae024","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae024"},{"issue":"10325","key":"10979_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"5.Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance","year":"2022","unstructured":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance. In 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10979_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daneman N, Fridman D, Johnstone J, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and mortality following E. coli bacteremia. E Clinical Medicine. 2022;56:101781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101781"},{"key":"10979_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin C, Jia C, Hu W, et al. Predicting antimicrobial resistance in E. coli with discriminative position fused deep learning classifier. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2023;23:559\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.12.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.12.041"},{"issue":"1","key":"10979_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014","volume":"95","author":"JH Hoenderop","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Baaij, Hoenderop JH, Bindels JG. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol rev. 2015;95(1):1\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014","journal-title":"PHYSIOL REV"},{"key":"10979_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dominguez Ligia J, Veronese Nicola, Guerrero-Romero Fernando, et al. Magnesium in infectious diseases in older people. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010180","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010180"},{"key":"10979_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashique Sumel, Kumar Shubneesh, Hussain Afzal et al. A narrative review on the role of magnesium in immune regulation, inflammation, infectious diseases, and cancer. Journal of health population and nutrition. 2023;42(1):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41043-023-00423-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00423-0"},{"key":"10979_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Huabin, Huang Junbin, Jin Xinghan, et al. Hypermagnesaemia, but not hypomagnesaemia, is a predictor of inpatient mortality in critically ill children with sepsis. Disease markers. 2022;2022:3893653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/3893653","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3893653"},{"key":"10979_CR12","unstructured":"Patil P, Sg, Aslam SS. Study of serum magnesium levels in patients admitted with Sepsis in intensive care Unit. Kathmandu university medical journal (KUMJ). 2023;21(81):23\u20137."},{"key":"10979_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tomasek Kathrin, Bergmiller Tobias, Guet C-lin C. Lack of cations in flow cytometry buffers affect fluorescence signals by reducing membrane stability and viability of E. coli strains. J Biotechnol. 2018;268:40\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2018.01.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2018.01.008"},{"key":"10979_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Dingyu, Zheng Jiashuo, Hu Qiongyuan, et al. Magnesium protects against sepsis by blocking gasdermin D N-terminal-induced pyroptosis. Cell death and differentiation. 2020;27(2):466\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-019-0366-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0366-x"},{"key":"10979_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giesa N, Heeren P, Klopfenstein S, et al. MIMIC-IV as a clinical data Schema. Stud Health Technol Inf. 2022;294:559\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/SHTI220522","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI220522"},{"key":"10979_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gotts JE, Matthay MA. Sepsis: pathophysiology and clinical management. BMJ. 2016;353 i1585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i1585","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1585"},{"key":"10979_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942078","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1942078","volume":"2019","author":"17.Benji Wang, Yuqiang Gong, Binyu Ying, et al","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benji Wang, Yuqiang Gong, Binyu Ying, et al. Relation between RedCell distribution width and mortality in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:1942078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1942078","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10979_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sterne Jonathan AC, White Ian AC, Carlin John B, et al. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ (Clinical researched.). 2009;338:b2393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b2393","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393"},{"key":"10979_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heymans Martijn W, Twisk Jos WR. Handling missing data in clinical research. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2022;151:185\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.08.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.08.016"},{"key":"10979_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ye Zixiang, An Shuoyan, Gao Yanxiang, et al. Association between the triglyceride glucose index and in-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease in the intensive care unit. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2023;22(1):110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01843-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01843-2"},{"key":"10979_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saglietti F, Girombelli A, Marelli S, et al. Role of magnesium in the intensive care unit and Immunomodulation: A literature review. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11061122","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11061122"},{"key":"10979_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ElKady M, Rabie N, Mostafa M, et al. Effect of the loading dose of magnesium sulfate on the doppler velocimetry parameters in the uterine, umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries in severe preeclampsia. QJM-INT J MED. 2021;114(Supple1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab115.0084","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab115.0084"},{"key":"10979_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107277","volume":"164","author":"Theisen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Theisen CF, Wodschow K, Hansen B, et al. Drinking water magnesium and cardiovascular mortality: A cohort study in Denmark, 2005\u20132016. Environ int. 2022;164:107277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107277","journal-title":"ENVIRON INT"},{"issue":"7","key":"10979_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2117542","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.17542","volume":"4","author":"S Schuh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuh S, Freedman SB, Zemek R, et al. Association between intravenous magnesium therapy in the emergency department and subsequent hospitalization among pediatric patients with refractory acute asthma: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2117542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.17542","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10979_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.08.033","volume":"130","author":"N Naksuk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naksuk N, Hu T, Krittanawong C, et al. Association of serum magnesium on mortality in patients admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit. AM J MED. 2016;130(2):e2295\u201322913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.08.033","journal-title":"AM J MED"},{"issue":"1","key":"10979_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2021.1931369","volume":"134","author":"C Thongprayoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thongprayoon C, Hansrivijit P, Petnak T, et al. Impact of serum magnesium levels at hospital discharge and one-year mortality. POSTGRAD MED. 2021;134(1):47\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00325481.2021.1931369","journal-title":"POSTGRAD MED"},{"issue":"1","key":"10979_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01903-2","volume":"22","author":"K Tonai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tonai K, Katayama S, Koyama K, et al. Association between hypomagnesemia and coagulopathy in sepsis: a retrospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22(1):359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-022-01903-2","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10979_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.08.005","volume":"131","author":"WJ Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu WJ, Duan XJ, Liu XZ, et al. Association of magnesium sulfate use with mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis: a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study. BRIT J ANAESTH. 2023;131(5):861\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2023.08.005","journal-title":"BRIT J ANAESTH"},{"issue":"1","key":"10979_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39428-y","volume":"14","author":"G Royer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Royer G, Clermont O, Marin J, et al. Epistatic interactions between the high pathogenicity Island and other iron uptake systems shape e.coli extra-intestinal virulence. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-39428-y","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"10979_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2054040","volume":"18","author":"L David","year":"2022","unstructured":"David L, Taieb F, P\u00e9nary M, et al. Outer membrane vesicles produced by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli block autophagic flux and exacerbate inflammasome activation. AUTOPHAGY. 2022;18(12):2913\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548627.2022.2054040","journal-title":"AUTOPHAGY"},{"key":"10979_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.11.002","volume":"115","author":"JA Maier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maier JA, Castiglioni S, Locatelli L, et al. Magnesium and inflammation: advances and perspectives. SEMIN CELL DEV BIOL. 2020;115:37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.11.002","journal-title":"SEMIN CELL DEV BIOL"},{"issue":"12","key":"10979_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49835","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49835","volume":"15","author":"SN Ab Rahim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ab Rahim SN, Nordin N, Wan Omar WFA, et al. The laboratory and clinical perspectives of magnesium imbalance. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e49835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.49835","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"10","key":"10979_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01404-w","volume":"46","author":"R Parsanathan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parsanathan R. Trace element magnesium: a key player in hypertension management. HYPERTENS RES. 2023;46(10):2442\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-023-01404-w","journal-title":"HYPERTENS RES"},{"issue":"6","key":"10979_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2020.07.020","volume":"39","author":"KB Laupland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laupland KB, Tabah A, Jacobs N, et al. Determinants of serum magnesium abnormalities and outcome among admissions to the intensive care unit. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39(6):793\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2020.07.020","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"10979_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Hanbo, Yin Xuefeng, Wu Orr Mona, et al. Increasing intracellular magnesium levels with the 31-amino acid MgtS protein. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America. 2017;114(22):5689\u20135694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1703415114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703415114"},{"issue":"2","key":"10979_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.049","volume":"183","author":"CC Daw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daw CC, Ramachandran K, Enslow BT, et al. Lactate elicits ER-Mitochondrial Mg2\u2009+\u2009Dynamics to integrate cellular metabolism. Cell. 2020;183(2):474\u2013e48917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.049","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10979_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170244","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2170244","volume":"45","author":"C Xiong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiong C, Shi S, Cao L, et al. Association of early postoperative serum magnesium with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Ren Fail. 2023;45(1):2170244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2170244","journal-title":"Ren Fail"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-10979-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-025-10979-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-10979-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T10:11:48Z","timestamp":1745835108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-025-10979-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-10979-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki 2002. MIMIC-IV was an anonymized public database. To apply for access to the database, we passed the Protecting Human Research Participants exam (No.32900964). The project was approved by the institutional review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and was given a waiver of informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"618"}}