{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T04:06:57Z","timestamp":1745035617120,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has profoundly impacted global health, leading to over 74\u00a0million confirmed cases and 1.67\u00a0million deaths by December 2020. In Saudi Arabia, extensive measures were implemented to mitigate the spread of the virus. Kidney transplant recipients, due to their immunosuppressed status, are particularly vulnerable to severe COVID-19 outcomes. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with mortality in COVID-19-infected kidney transplant patients in Saudi Arabia. The primary objective is to identify mortality risk factors among COVID-19-infected kidney transplant patients. The secondary objective is to compare clinical management and outcomes between deceased and recovered patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This case-control study matched 82 deceased kidney transplant patients (cases) with 151 survivors (controls). Data were collected from the National Registry for COVID-19 Mortality and King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&amp;RC) for patients diagnosed between March 2020 and January 2021. Key variables included demographic information, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, and treatment details. Statistical analyses involved chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression to assess associations with mortality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among cases, 93.9% required ICU admission, and 95.1% were intubated. Males constituted 73.2% of cases, with 53.7% aged over 60. Cardiovascular comorbidities were more prevalent among cases (97% vs. 87.4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). and presented more frequently with fever, cough, and respiratory distress. In multivariable analysis, fever, shortness of breath, and desaturation were associated with increased mortality odds. Notably, patients who discontinued immunosuppressive therapy had higher mortality odds (OR\u2009=\u200963.2, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.083), whereas those who held or adjusted their therapy had significantly lower odds (OR\u2009=\u20090.1, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042; OR\u2009=\u20090.0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007). Bacterial infections also increased mortality risk (OR\u2009=\u200956.6, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study identifies critical risk factors for mortality among kidney transplant patients infected with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. The findings underscore the need for tailored clinical management strategies to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population. Further research is warranted to explore long-term implications and effective treatment protocols.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10994-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T13:22:27Z","timestamp":1744982547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors for mortality among kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dema A.","family":"Alissa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Almasuood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baraa","family":"Alghalyini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Tamim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Alaa","family":"Raslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rehman Zia","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bader Abou","family":"Shaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mhd Malek Al","family":"Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan Abdul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wejdan","family":"Aburas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waled","family":"Aburas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Al-jedai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem S.","family":"Almaghrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"10994_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Background paper on COVID-19 disease and vaccines [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/background-paper-on-covid-19-disease-and-vaccines"},{"issue":"5","key":"10994_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105968","volume":"55","author":"JA Al-Tawfiq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. COVID-19 in the Eastern mediterranean region and Saudi Arabia: prevention and therapeutic strategies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105968.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"25","key":"10994_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2009575","volume":"383","author":"DA Berlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berlin DA, Gulick RM, Martinez FJ. Severe Covid-19. 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The study was approved by the central IRB of the MOH (log No: 21\u201324\u00a0M) and KFSHRC (log No:2221015). The IRB did not require informed consent as this was not an interventional study. The need for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee at (MOH and KFSHRC.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"560"}}