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This study assessed the malaria vector diversity, seasonal abundance, transmission and insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in these communities to inform effective control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mosquitoes were collected from three Island communities (Tuanikope, Allorkpem and Pediatorkope) using human landing catches, light traps and prokopack aspirators during the dry and rainy seasons. Morphological and molecular techniques were used to identify mosquito species, determine blood meal sources and detect insecticide resistance mutations. Sporozoite infections and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) were also quantified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 25,092 mosquitoes from four genera were collected (Culicine\u2009=\u200988.14%, Anopheline\u2009=\u20098.94% and\n                      <jats:italic>Mansonia<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.92%). The Anophelines predominantly comprised\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae s.l.<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,911\/2,243, 85.20%) followed by\n                      <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      (249\/2,243, 11.10%) and\n                      <jats:italic>An. pharoensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (83\/2,243, 3.70%). Indoor biting and resting densities were high across sites and seasons, with sporozoite-positive mosquitoes more frequently found indoors. Blood meal analysis revealed a strong anthropophilic feeding pattern (HBI\u2009=\u200980%). Annual EIRs ranged from 37.40 (ib\/m\/y) to 100.08 (ib\/m\/y). Low frequencies of insecticide resistance mutations (\n                      <jats:italic>Vgsc-1014\u00a0F<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Vgsc-1014\u00a0S<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Ace-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Vgsc-1575Y<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study findings indicate high indoor biting and resting densities of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes. High sporozoite rate along with low resistance mutation frequencies observed, emphasize the urgent need for continuous resistance monitoring and the implementation of targeted vector control strategies in these hard-to-reach Island communities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11283-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T08:45:44Z","timestamp":1752137144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Malaria vector diversity, transmission and insecticide resistance in Island communities along the Volta lake in Southern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Abena Ahema","family":"Ebuako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Mfum","family":"Owusu-Asenso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisa","family":"Abdulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahim Mohammed","family":"Sabtiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac Kwame","family":"Sraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw","family":"Akuamoah-Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Appiah-Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akua Obeng","family":"Forson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Ferdinand","family":"Ayeh-Kumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw Asare","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"11283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12006","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912006","volume":"19","author":"K Kawaguchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kawaguchi K, Donkor E, Lal A, Kelly M, Wangdi K. 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The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki\u2019s ethical principles for medical research involving human participants. Meetings were conducted at each study site with the chiefs, community leaders, and residents to introduce the research. Permission to conduct the study at the various sites was obtained from the community leaders. Written informed consent was obtained from all adult volunteers participating in the HLC study prior to training and mosquito sampling. Verbal consent was obtained from household heads to sample mosquitoes in their houses and compounds.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"904"}}