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Most re-engagers are reluctant to admit prior antiretroviral exposure, and non-self-reported data on proportions reinitiating are scarce. We conducted a sequential, mixed-methods study to explore the proportion of people who present for initiation with evidence of prior ART use and understand why many are reluctant to admit prior exposure in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled a sequential sample of adults presenting to initiate ART or re-initiate ART after an interruption\u2009&gt;\u20093 months and collected (1) self-reported previous treatment experience; (2) electronic medical record (EMR) evidence of prior ART clinic visits; (3) baseline blood tests for metabolites of tenofovir diphosphate; and (4) laboratory records indicating prior ART-related tests. Interviews were conducted with clients who self-reported no prior ART use but had evidence of metabolites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 89 enrolled participants (median age 32.5, 62% female), 21 (24%) self-reported previously taking ART\u2009&gt;\u20093 months prior to enrolment. An additional 19 (21%) who did not self-report prior exposure had EMR or laboratory evidence of prior ART use, for a total of 40 (45%) clients with known prior treatment exposure at initiation. Sensitivity of self-report was 40% (95% CI: 25\u201357%), EMR 43% (27\u201359%), metabolite testing 45% (29\u201362%), and laboratory records 73% (56\u201387%). Interviewees (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911) reported opting to present as na\u00efve because they perceived that disclosure of prior disengagement would cause delays accessing treatment, require additional documentation, and elicit negative responses from healthcare workers. Study limitations included short duration of metabolite detectability, inability to link individuals within the EMR to discern ART experience at other facilities, and lack of baseline viral load testing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At least 45% of clients initiating ART in South Africa have prior treatment experience, but only a third of re-initiators voluntarily reveal this. Laboratory records yielded the most accurate results for ascertaining prior treatment exposure. As numbers re-engaging in HIV care after a treatment interruption increase, understanding reluctance to self-report ART experience and exploring opportunities to overcome barriers are critical for preventing repeated interruptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The protocol was registered on July 12, 2022 on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05454839).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11340-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T19:35:35Z","timestamp":1753558535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prior antiretroviral therapy exposure among clients presenting for HIV treatment initiation in South Africa: an exploratory mixed-methods study using multiple indicators of exposure"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9498-3199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariet","family":"Benade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-0200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mhairi","family":"Maskew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2805-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinolia","family":"Ntjikelane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nkosinathi","family":"Ngcobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4682-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7695-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lufuno","family":"Malala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musa","family":"Manganye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6560-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"11340_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS, The Path That Ends AIDS, Geneva. 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The protocol is also registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05454839). All participants provided written informed consent for all data collection. Tissue sample assays were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All study procedures complied in full with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"LM and MM are employees of the government agency that supervises the study sites. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"947"}}