{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:20:42Z","timestamp":1779297642728,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harvey Goodstein Charitable Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11357-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T19:26:17Z","timestamp":1754335577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determining population-specific risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility and severity to inform future individual-level integrated risk scoring"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ilham","family":"Morani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haneen","family":"Shibli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Karasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Edelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"11357_CR1","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease. Explore results from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease(GBD). https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results\/;2024. Accessed 25 June 2024."},{"key":"11357_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clementi N, Ghosh S, de Santis M, et al. Viral respiratory pathogens and lung injury. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021;34(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00103-20.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00103-20"},{"key":"11357_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buitrago-Garcia D, Egli-Gany D, Counotte MJ, et al. Occurrence and transmission potential of asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARSCoV-2 infections: A living systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003346.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003346"},{"key":"11357_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Hajjar S, McIntosh K. The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Ann Saudi Med Published online. 2010.","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.59365"},{"key":"11357_CR5","unstructured":"COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic. 2024. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/;. Accessed 25 June 2024."},{"issue":"6","key":"11357_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00854-7","volume":"53","author":"JF Shelton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shelton JF, Shastri AJ, Ye C, et al. Trans-ancestry analysis reveals genetic and nongenetic associations with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Nat Genet. 2021;53(6):801\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-021-00854-7.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7848","key":"11357_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03065-y","volume":"591","author":"E Pairo-Castineira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pairo-Castineira E, Clohisey S, Klaric L, et al. Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19. Nature. 2021;591(7848):92\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-03065-y.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11357_CR8","unstructured":"Central Bureau of Statistics. https:\/\/www.cbs.gov.il\/he\/Pages\/default.aspx\/;2024. Accessed 25 June 2024."},{"key":"11357_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.74645.1","volume":"11","author":"BG Pijls","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pijls BG, Jolani S, Atherley A, et al. Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10\u00a0M patients. F1000Res. 2022;11:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.74645.1.","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"11357_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044640","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044640","volume":"11","author":"BG Pijls","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pijls BG, Jolani S, Atherley A, et al. Demographic risk factors for COVID-19 infection, severity, ICU admission and death: a meta-analysis of 59 studies. BMJ Open. 2021;11(1):e044640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044640.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"11357_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2134147","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147","volume":"4","author":"S Magesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magesh S, John D, Li WT, et al. Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(11):e2134147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"11357_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11546-6","volume":"21","author":"Z Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai Z, Yang Y, Zhang J. Obesity is associated with severe disease and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11546-6.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"11357_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2021.1888116","volume":"59","author":"AP Sunjaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sunjaya AP, Allida SM, Di Tanna GL, Jenkins C. Asthma and risk of infection, hospitalization, ICU admission and mortality from COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Asthma. 2022;59(5):866\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02770903.2021.1888116.","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"11357_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100967","volume":"37","author":"A Crafa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crafa A, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, et al. Influence of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol levels on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;37:100967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100967.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"11357_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100785","volume":"48","author":"N Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu N, Zhang T, Ma L, et al. The impact of ABO blood group on COVID-19 infection risk and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Rev. 2021;48:100785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100785.","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"11357_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104485","volume":"84","author":"BB Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu BB, Gu DZ, Yu JN, Yang J, Shen WQ. Association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection, severity and demise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;84:104485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104485.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"20","key":"11357_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105733","volume":"56","author":"Y Ezzatvar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ezzatvar Y, Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e9lez R, Izquierdo M, Garcia-Hermoso A. Physical activity and risk of infection, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review and non-linear dose\u2013response meta-analysis of data from 1 853 610 adults. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(20):1188\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105733.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"11357_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15276","volume":"116","author":"D Simons","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simons D, Shahab L, Brown J, Perski O. The association of smoking status with SARS-CoV\u20102 infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID\u201019: a living rapid evidence review with bayesian meta\u2010analyses (version 7). Addiction. 2021;116(6):1319\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15276.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"11357_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06536-3","volume":"21","author":"ZG Dessie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06536-3.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"11357_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.02.020","volume":"15","author":"AA Mehta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehta AA, Haridas N, Belgundi P, Jose WM. A systematic review of clinical and laboratory parameters associated with increased severity among COVID-19 patients. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Reviews. 2021;15(2):535\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.02.020.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"11357_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2020.12.017","volume":"156","author":"C Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang C, Zhang W, Li S, Qin G. Coronary heart disease and COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Med Clin (Barc). 2021;156(11):547\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2020.12.017.","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"2","key":"11357_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002964","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02964-2020","volume":"59","author":"V Bellou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bellou V, Tzoulaki I, van Smeden M, Moons KGM, Evangelou E, Belbasis L. Prognostic factors for adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a field-wide systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2022;59(2):2002964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02964-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"11357_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05012-2","volume":"166","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang L, Hou J, Ma FZ, Li J, Xue S, Xu ZG. The common risk factors for progression and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. Arch Virol. 2021;166(8):2071\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-021-05012-2.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"11357_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S331470","volume":"14","author":"FM Mohsin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohsin FM, Nahrin R, Tonmon TT, et al. Lifestyle and Comorbidity-Related risk factors of severe and critical COVID-19 infection: A comparative study among survived COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:4057\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S331470.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"11357_CR25","unstructured":"ISARIC. ISARIC Covid-19 long term follow-up study Oxford, UK. 2020. https:\/\/isaric.org\/research\/covid-19-clinical-research-resources\/covid-19-long-term-follow-up-study\/. 19 ISARIC. Accessed 30 Dec 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"11357_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-022-00525-3","volume":"21","author":"M Sobczak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sobczak M, Pawliczak R. COVID-19 vaccination efficacy in numbers including SARS-CoV-2 variants and age comparison: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2022;21(1):32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-022-00525-3.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"1","key":"11357_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13584-021-00458-w","volume":"10","author":"MS Green","year":"2021","unstructured":"Green MS, Abdullah R, Vered S, Nitzan D. A study of ethnic, gender and educational differences in attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines in Israel\u2013 implications for vaccination implementation policies. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2021;10(1):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13584-021-00458-w.","journal-title":"Isr J Health Policy Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"11357_CR28","first-page":"525","volume":"9","author":"O Kalter-Leibovici","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalter-Leibovici O, Atamna A, Lubin F, et al. Obesity among Arabs and Jews in israel: a population-based study. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007;9(7):525\u201330.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"11357_CR29","unstructured":"Obesity Statistics. https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/SN03336\/SN03336.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2025."},{"issue":"21","key":"11357_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214870","volume":"10","author":"GHY Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li GHY, Lam SKK, Wong ICK, Chu JKP, Cheung CL. Education attainment, intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian randomization study. J Clin Med. 2021;10(21):4870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10214870.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"11357_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoshikawa M, Asaba K. Educational attainment decreases the risk of COVID-19 severity in the European population: A Two-Sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Public Health. 2021;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.673451.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.673451"},{"key":"11357_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul P, El-Naas A, Hamad O, et al. Effectiveness of the pre-Omicron COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron in reducing infection, hospitalization, severity, and mortality compared to Delta and other variants: A systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2023;19(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2023.2167410.","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2167410"},{"key":"11357_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zou Y, Huang D, Jiang Q, Guo Y, Chen C. The vaccine efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 omicron: A systemic review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.940956.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.940956"},{"issue":"11","key":"11357_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113791","volume":"12","author":"NT Awatade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awatade NT, Wark PAB, Chan ASL, Mamun SMAA, Mohd Esa NY, Matsunaga K, Rhee CK, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS, On Behalf Of The Asian Pacific Society Of Respirology Apsr Copd Assembly. The complex association between COPD and COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2023;12(11):3791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12113791. PMID: 37297985; PMCID: PMC10253799.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"11357_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36811-1_162","volume-title":"Handbook of healthcare in the Arab world","author":"A Zalan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zalan A, Sharkia R. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Arab society of Israel. In: Laher I, editor. Handbook of healthcare in the Arab world. Cham: Springer; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-36811-1_162."}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11357-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11357-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11357-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T13:04:33Z","timestamp":1754399073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11357-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11357-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study adhered to all applicable principles, guidelines and regulations in accordance with good clinical practice (GCP) and the declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all of the participants in the study before any information was collected via the online link, and the study was approved by the Ziv Medical Center, Tzafon Medical Center, and Galilee Medical Center ethical committees, reference numbers; 0007-21-ZIV, 009-21-POR, and 0018-21-NHR, respectively.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"977"}}