{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T02:06:50Z","timestamp":1763172410570,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03","5R01AI176581 - 03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11797-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T16:35:27Z","timestamp":1763138127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detect early TB infection, evaluate contacts for TB (DETEC-TB) \u2013 a protocol for a prospective cohort study on active case finding for tuberculosis disease and tuberculosis infection source tracing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Amour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackline","family":"Ngowi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anab","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candida","family":"Moshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ruhago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Munseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Balandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Fundikira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"C. Robert","family":"Horsburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mecky","family":"Matee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Fordham","family":"von Reyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"11797_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 Geneva. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2024."},{"key":"11797_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global Tuberculosis Report Geneva. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/."},{"key":"11797_CR3","unstructured":"National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program. TB Prevalence in Tanzania 2018. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/ntlp.go.tz\/tuberculosis\/tb-prevalence\/."},{"key":"11797_CR4","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The First National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey. 2013. Available from: https:\/\/www.medbox.org\/tz-studies-reports\/the-first-national-tuberculosis-prevalence-survey-in-the-united-republic-of-tanzania-final-report\/preview?."},{"issue":"2","key":"11797_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.56.2.175-180","volume":"56","author":"PI Veeser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veeser PI, Smith PK, Handy B, Martin SR. Tuberculosis screening on a health science campus: use of QuantiFERON-TB gold test for students and employees. J Am Coll Health: JACH. 2007;56(2):175\u201380.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health: JACH"},{"issue":"3","key":"11797_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241","volume":"149","author":"MZA Pai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pai MZA, Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(3):177.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"11797_CR7","unstructured":"California Tuberculosis Controllers Association. Interferon Gamma Relaese Assays Clinical Guidelines 2012. Available from: http:\/\/www.ctca.org\/fileLibrary\/file_374.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"11797_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096564","volume":"9","author":"R Ribeiro-Rodrigues","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Kim S, Coelho da Silva FD, Uzelac A, Collins L, Palaci M, et al. Discordance of tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assay in recently exposed household contacts of pulmonary TB cases in Brazil. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(5):e96564.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11797_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Implementing the END TB Strategy: The Essentials 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/2015\/end_tb_essential.pdf."},{"issue":"7","key":"11797_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b599","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0134","volume":"25","author":"M Amour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amour M, von Reyn CF. A new paradigm: testing household contacts of adolescents with incident TB infection. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Disease: Official J Int Union against Tuberculosis Lung Disease. 2021;25(7):b599\u2013600.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberculosis Lung Disease: Official J Int Union against Tuberculosis Lung Disease"},{"key":"11797_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k2738","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2738","volume":"362","author":"MA Behr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Behr MA, Edelstein PH, Ramakrishnan L. Revisiting the timetable of tuberculosis. BMJ. 2018;362:k2738.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"11797_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30137-7","volume":"7","author":"L Martinez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martinez L, Lo NC, Cords O, Hill PC, Khan P, Hatherill M, et al. Paediatric tuberculosis transmission outside the household: challenging historical paradigms to inform future public health strategies. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(6):544\u201352.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"11797_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069730","volume":"8","author":"J Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh J, Sankar MM, Kumar S, Gopinath K, Singh N, Mani K, et al. Incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis among household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in a peri-urban population of South Delhi, India. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e69730.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11797_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Verrall AJ, Alisjahbana B, Apriani L, Novianty N, Nurani AC, van Laarhoven A, Ussher JE, Indrati A, Ruslami R, Netea MG, Sharples K, van Crevel R, Hill PC. Early Clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The INFECT Case Contact Cohort Study in Indonesia. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(8):1351\u20131360. PMID: 31298280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiz168.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz168"},{"issue":"2","key":"11797_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016137","volume":"6","author":"CC Whalen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whalen CC, Zalwango S, Chiunda A, Malone L, Eisenach K, Joloba M, et al. Secondary attack rate of tuberculosis in urban households in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(2):e16137.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"11797_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409-1704OC","volume":"191","author":"JR Andrews","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andrews JR, Hatherill M, Mahomed H, Hanekom WA, Campo M, Hawn TR, et al. The dynamics of QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube conversion and reversion in a cohort of South African adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(5):584\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"11797_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3036-6","volume":"18","author":"M Beyanga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beyanga M, Kidenya BR, Gerwing-Adima L, Ochodo E, Mshana SE, Kasang C. Investigation of household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients increases case detection in Mwanza City, Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):110.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"11797_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg227","volume":"158","author":"D Guwatudde","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guwatudde D, Nakakeeto M, Jones-Lopez EC, Maganda A, Chiunda A, Mugerwa RD, et al. Tuberculosis in household contacts of infectious cases in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(9):887\u201398.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"11797_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0162090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162090","volume":"11","author":"D Nair","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nair D, Rajshekhar N, Klinton JS, Watson B, Velayutham B, Tripathy JP, et al. Household contact screening and yield of tuberculosis cases-a clinic based study in Chennai, South India. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(9):e0162090.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"11797_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256531","volume":"16","author":"Y Jo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jo Y, Kagujje M, Johnson K, Dowdy D, Hangoma P, Chiliukutu L, et al. Costs and cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive tuberculosis case finding strategy in Zambia. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(9):e0256531.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"11797_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117009","volume":"10","author":"JN Sekandi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sekandi JN, Dobbin K, Oloya J, Okwera A, Whalen CC, Corso PS. Cost-effectiveness analysis of community active case finding and household contact investigation for tuberculosis case detection in urban Africa. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0117009.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11797_CR22","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Latent tuberculosis infection. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/2018\/executivesummary_consolidated_guidelines_ltbi.pdf?ua=1."},{"issue":"2","key":"11797_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12002","volume":"18","author":"S Chee Cbe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chee Cbe S, Sester M, Zhang W, Lange C. Diagnosis and treatment of latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respirology. 2013;18(2):205\u201316.","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"11797_CR24","unstructured":"Natioanal Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program. TB Prevalence in Tanzania 2022. Available from: https:\/\/ntlp.go.tz\/tuberculosis\/tb-prevalence-in-tanzania\/."},{"key":"11797_CR25","unstructured":"The National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program. Manual for Management of Tuberculosis and Leprosy in Tanzania 2020. Available from: chrome extension: https:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/, https:\/\/ntlp.go.tz\/site\/assets\/files\/1081\/ntlp_manual_2020_2021_1.pdf."},{"issue":"46","key":"11797_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.055","volume":"38","author":"P Munseri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Munseri P, Said J, Amour M, Magohe A, Matee M, Rees CA, et al. DAR-901 vaccine for the prevention of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis among BCG-immunized adolescents in Tanzania: a randomized controlled, double-blind phase 2b trial. Vaccine. 2020;38(46):7239\u201345.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11797_CR27","unstructured":"National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme. TB Prevalence in Tanzania 2018. Available from: https:\/\/ntlp.go.tz\/tuberculosis\/tb-prevalence\/."},{"key":"11797_CR28","unstructured":"Ministry of Health CD, Gender, Elderly C-MHCDGECT. Mainland, Ministry of Health - MoH\/Zanzibar, National Bureau of Statistics - NBS\/Tanzania, Office of Chief Government Statistician - OCGS\/Zanzibar, ICF. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2015\u20132016. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: MoHCDGEC, MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF; 2016."},{"issue":"20","key":"11797_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association Declaration","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association Declaration. Of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"11797_CR30","unstructured":"Immunotec O, T-SPOT.TB, Package Insert. PI-TB-IVD-UK-v5. November 2023 Abingdon, UK2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.revvity.com\/category\/tuberculosis-management#t-spot-tb."},{"issue":"6","key":"11797_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268685","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268685","volume":"17","author":"MA Amour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amour MA, Rees CA, Munseri PJ, Said J, Magohe AK, Matee M, et al. Serial T-SPOT.TB responses in Tanzanian adolescents: transient, persistent and irregular conversions. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(6):e0268685.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11797_CR32","unstructured":"Laboratories OD. Tuberculosis Testing Services 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.revvity.com\/category\/tuberculosis-testing."},{"key":"11797_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maro I, Nakamura K, Seino K, Pallangyo K, Munseri P, Matee M, von Reyn CF. Social activity patterns drive high rates of latent tuberculosis infection among adolescents in urban Tanzania. J Tuberc Res. 2018;6(1):81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jtr.2018.61008.","DOI":"10.4236\/jtr.2018.61008"},{"key":"11797_CR34","unstructured":"National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program. National Guideline for Tuberculosis Infection Control. 2017."},{"key":"11797_CR35","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control UDoHaHS. Steps to getting a good sputum sample 2016."},{"key":"11797_CR36","unstructured":"Dlodlo RABG, Heldal E, Allwood B, Chiang C-Y, Fujiwara PI, Graham SM, Guillerm N, Harries AD, Koura KG, Kumar AMV, Lin Y, Meghji J, Mortimer K, Piubello A, Roth B, Satyanarayana S, Sekadde M, Solovi\u010d I, Tonsing J, Van Deun A. Management of Tuberculosis, A guide to essential practice. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/theunion.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/TheUnion_Orange_2019.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"11797_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"11797_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"11797_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0199OC","volume":"192","author":"TC King","year":"2015","unstructured":"King TC, Upfal M, Gottlieb A, Adamo P, Bernacki E, Kadlecek CP, et al. T-SPOT.TB Interferon-gamma release assay performance in healthcare worker screening at nineteen U.S. Hospitals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(3):367\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"11797_CR40","unstructured":"Ruhwald M, editor. IGRA assays in development. Union World Conference on Lung Health; 2020. Online\u00a024 Oct 2020."}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11797-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11797-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11797-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T02:02:37Z","timestamp":1763172157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11797-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-11797-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2334"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance has been obtained from the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR\/HQ\/R.8a\/Vol.IX\/4807), the local ethical review board at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS-REC-10-1427) and the Dartmouth Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects. Permission to collect data was obtained from the President\u2019s Office of Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG) in mainland Tanzania and the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education. Written consent and assent are obtained from each participant before undergoing any research procedures. Participants are free to withdraw consent at any time and for any reason, whether expressed or not. Participant data protection and confidentiality are guaranteed. The collection of data in the REDCap database is done by using a participant code that will not be connected to the participant\u2019s name.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent and assent are obtained from each participant for any data to be published in this manuscript. A copy of the consent is available for review.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1588"}}