{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:23:19Z","timestamp":1788211399093,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12144-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:28:44Z","timestamp":1765290524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Post\u2013COVID-19 subacute painless thyroiditis: a case report in an anabolic androgenic steroid user"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1641-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Skrzypiec-Spring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3568-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Kuliczkowska-P\u0142aksej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8104-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Szel\u0105g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Bolanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1172","key":"12144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-141429","volume":"99","author":"S Mondal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mondal S, DasGupta R, Lodh M, Ganguly A. Subacute thyroiditis following recovery from COVID-19 infection: novel clinical findings from an Eastern Indian cohort. Postgrad Med J. 2023;99(1172):558\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-141429.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"12144_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220005","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0005","volume":"11","author":"H Jakovac","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jakovac H, Ferencic A, Stemberger C, Mohar Vitezic B, Cuculic D. Detection of Sars-Cov-2 antigens in thyroid gland showing histopathological features of subacute thyroiditis. Eur Thyroid J. 2022;11(2):e220005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ETJ-22-0005.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"4","key":"12144_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220074","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0074","volume":"11","author":"AP Sofia Macedo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sofia Macedo AP, Santos L, Neves C, Guimar\u00e3es S, Duarte-Neto A, Dolhnikoff M, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in thyroid follicular cells from a COVID-19 autopsy series. Eur Thyroid J. 2022;11(4):e220074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ETJ-22-0074.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"12144_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.707726","author":"P Trimboli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trimboli P, Cappelli C, Croce L, Scappaticcio L, Chiovato L, Rotondi M. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:707726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.707726. COVID-19-Associated Subacute Thyroiditis: Evidence-Based Data From a Systematic Review."},{"issue":"9","key":"12144_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30266-7","volume":"8","author":"I Muller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muller I, Cannavaro D, Dazzi D, Covelli D, Mantovani G, Muscatello A, Ferrante E, Orsi E, Resi V, Longari V, Cuzzocrea M, Bandera A, Lazzaroni E, Dolci A, Ceriotti F, Re TE, Gori A, Arosio M, Salvi M. SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):739\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30266-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"12144_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecr.2021.100094","volume":"22","author":"K Feghali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feghali K, Atallah J, Norman C. Manifestations of thyroid disease post COVID-19 illness: report of Hashimoto thyroiditis, graves\u2019 disease, and subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Transl Endocrinol Case Rep. 2021;22:100094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecr.2021.100094.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol Case Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"12144_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01786-7","volume":"45","author":"A Jafarzadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Jafarzadeh S, Nozari P, Mortazavi SMJ. Thyroid dysfunction following vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines: a basic review of the preliminary evidence. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45(10):1835\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-022-01786-7.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"12144_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4530(02)00025-2","volume":"28","author":"RC Daly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Daly RC, Su TP, Schmidt PJ, Pagliaro M, Pickar D, Rubinow DR. Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003;28(3):317\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0306-4530(02)00025-2.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"12144_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.90.P230","volume":"10","author":"E \u0130mre","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u0130mre E, Akcay S, Dincer Y, Elbasan O, Yorguner N, Ustay O. Exogenous testosterone May have A effect on thyroid volume in Trans-Men. Endocr Abstracts. 2023;10:1530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/endoabs.90.P230.","journal-title":"Endocr Abstracts"},{"issue":"5","key":"12144_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12987","volume":"44","author":"R Krysiak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krysiak R, Kowalcze K, Okopie\u0144 B. The effect of testosterone on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid men with hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and low testosterone levels. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2019;44(5):742\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpt.12987.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"12144_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SUN","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-SUN-575","volume":"3","author":"A Aljaberi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aljaberi A, Boharoon H. SUN-575 anabolic steroids induced hyperthyroidism. J Endocr Soc. 2019;3(Suppl 1):SUN\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/js.2019-SUN-575.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"12144_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.76.4.8473383","volume":"76","author":"R Deyssig","year":"1993","unstructured":"Deyssig R, Weissel M. Ingestion of androgenic-anabolic steroids induces mild thyroidal impairment in male body builders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76(4):1069\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.76.4.8473383.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"12144_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500411","volume":"15","author":"M Al\u00e8n","year":"1987","unstructured":"Al\u00e8n M, Rahkila P, Reinil\u00e4 M, Vihko R. Androgenic-anabolic steroid effects on serum thyroid, pituitary and steroid hormones in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(4):357\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658701500411.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"12144_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3933.ijam20210602","volume":"8","author":"MO Faruque","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faruque MO, Kamrul-Hasan AB, M, Kabir MA, Nasim R, Alam MJ, Selim S, Hasanat MA, Uddin MF. Serum thyroglobulin level in newly detected thyrotoxicosis and its role in differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. Int J Adv Med. 2021;8(3):433\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2349-3933.ijam20210602.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"12144_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360020063012","volume":"145","author":"G Madeddu","year":"1985","unstructured":"Madeddu G, Casu AR, Costanza C, Marras G, Arras ML, Marrosu A, Langer M. Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute \u2018painful\u2019 thyroiditis. A sequential study. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(2):243\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"12144_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnm.IJNM_74_18","volume":"33","author":"SH Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan SH, Mahajan A, Laway BA, Rasool R, Rather TA. Technetium-99m thyroid scintigraphy and human leukocyte Antigen - B35 in Sub-Acute thyroiditis. Indian J Nucl Med. 2018;33(4):306\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijnm.IJNM_74_18.","journal-title":"Indian J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"12144_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240083","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-24-0083","volume":"13","author":"S De Vincentis","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Vincentis S, Loiacono S, Zanni E, Sueri R, Monzani ML, Santi D, Muller I, Di Marco F, Crivicich E, Armenti M, Pagotto U, Tucci L, Cecchetti C, Trenti T, Pecoraro V, Canu G, Simoni M, Brigante G. Subacute thyroiditis in the SARS-CoV-2 era: a multicentre prospective study. Eur Thyroid J. 2024;13(3):e240083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ETJ-24-0083.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"1","key":"12144_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4274\/gulhane.galenos.2023.27146","volume":"8","author":"ME Sadiku","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sadiku ME, Sadiku I, Piraj MR. Post COVID-19 subacute thyroiditis-de quervain: a case series. Gulhane Med J. 2024;8(1):58\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/gulhane.galenos.2023.27146.","journal-title":"Gulhane Med J"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12144-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12144-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12144-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:28:44Z","timestamp":1765290524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12144-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12144-2","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.707726","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The patient gave written informed consent for his personal or clinical details along with any identifying images to be published in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1701"}}