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Isolates were analysed using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), core-genome (cg) MLST, and cluster analysis based on pairwise allelic differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 2018 to 2021, 128 patients had VRE BSI and 218 had VSE (vancomycin-susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) BSI, however, VRE became dominant in 2021 (2018: 53 vs. 21; 2021: 42 vs. 48). Concurrently, VRE incidence at our institution rose from 2.7 to 4.3 per 1000 patient days. WGS was performed for 125\/128 VRE BSI isolates (97.7%) and 1175\/1534 first annual isolates (76.6%). Distribution of complex types (CTs) within VRE blood culture isolates and first annual isolates was generally similar: ST80\/CT1065, ST117\/CT5130, ST1299\/CT1903 and ST117\/CT71 were detected most often both in BSI and among first annual isolates (26.5% vs. 26.6%; 14.4% vs. 10.8%; 12.0% vs. 13.5%; 10.4% vs. 13.3%, respectively). Eleven large clusters comprising 10 or more isolates were identified within the representative isolate cohort (a curated dataset including all sequenced blood culture isolates and non-redundant first annual patient isolates), consistent with clonal expansion of successful lineages, likely driven at least in part by in-hospital transmission events, but also possibly by repeated introductions of circulating clones, contributing to the rise in VRE incidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Performing WGS on both VRE blood culture and first annual isolates points to several outbreaks as the reason behind the increase in VRE BSI rate. Our results demonstrate that sequencing VRE blood culture isolates alone roughly reflects the distribution of all VRE CTs, making it a pragmatic and resource-efficient approach for obtaining valuable information about the epidemiology of VRE within a hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12183-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T08:07:07Z","timestamp":1764317227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The potential of genome-oriented blood culture surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (VRE) to mirror local VRE epidemiology: a retrospective analysis and systematic comparison of VRE blood culture and VRE first patient isolates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Aila","family":"Caplunik-Pratsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e4rbel","family":"Kieninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hansch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Fritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Eichner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Hanses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wulf","family":"Schneider-Brachert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Hitzenbichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"12183_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prematunge C, MacDougall C, Johnstone J, Adomako K, Lam F, Robertson J, et al. 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The Ethics Committee granted a waiver for patient consent due to the retrospective study design.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SH: travel grants from Gilead Sciences; AR: Payment of honoraria and transportation for lectures for the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority; FHa: Grants from Bavarian State Ministry for Health and Care for a post-covid outpatient treatment center; grants from Federal Ministry of Education and Research for a network in university medicine; lecture fees and honoraria from the German Society for Interdisciplinary Emergency and Acute Medicine, academy for infection medicine, Bavarian State Medical Association and Correvio\/Advanz; participation in the advisory board of Sobi, GSK; FHi: Lecture fees from Pfizer pharma and MSD Sharp & Dohme; travel grants and congress fees from Gilead Sciences and Tillotts Pharma.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1685"}}