{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:27:46Z","timestamp":1780450066596,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian District joint fund","award":["L212057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L212057"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82003563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Beijing high-level public health technical personnel construction project","award":["2022-3-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-3-025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination is regarded as the most effective and cost-efficient mean of managing COVID-19. Whether receiving inactivated vaccine leads to plasma viral load (pVL) rebound and affects HIV reservoirs size has been a major concern for people living with HIV (PLWH). In this study we performed a longitudinal observational study to explore the dynamic changes of pVL and HIV-1 total DNA with PLWH after vaccination with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information and venous blood samples from PLWH were collected prevaccination (BC1), three weeks after the first vaccination (BC2), four weeks after the second dose (BC3), six months after the second dose (BC4), and two weeks after the third dose (BC5) to test RBD-specific IgG antibody, plasma viral load (pVL), HIV-1 total DNA and CD4+\u2009T cell count.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 25 PLWH participated in this study, with a median age of 34 (IQR 28.5\u2009\u2212\u200940.0) years. No significant difference in proportion of undetectable pVL group, pVL\u2009\u2265\u200920 cp\/ml group and pVL\u2009&lt;\u200920 cp\/ml group was observed among five time points (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.506). Significant difference was observed in total HIV-1 DNA copies among different time points in both group of CD4+\u2009T cells\u2009\u2264\u2009300 and &gt;\u2009300. In the group of nadir CD4+\u2009T cells\u2009&gt;\u2009300, pairwise comparison of five sets of data showed that total HIV-1 DNA copies at BC5 was significantly lower than BC1 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.043) and BC3 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008). And duration of HIV infection was positively correlated with HIV-1 DNA copies at BC4 (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.729,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007) and BC5 (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.690,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013), S\/CO value of RBD-specific-IgG at BC3 were negatively correlated with HIV-1 total DNA copies at time points of BC2 (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      =-0.713,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009) and BC3 (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      =-0.587,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.045).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Receiving inactivated COVID-19 vaccine didn\u2019t significantly affect pVL. HIV-1 total DNA copies had a downward trend after vaccination. Duration of infection and IgG titer might be correlated with HIV-1 total DNA copies after vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12184-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:04:32Z","timestamp":1765605872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination on HIV viremia and reservoir size: a longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruolei","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingrong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"12184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J, Nie L, Guo C, Deng Y, Guo Q, Pang C, Xin R, Li J, Lu H, Huang C. 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Written informed consent for the use of information and samples for the research aims was obtained from all participants in this study. They received a financial incentive each time at their follow-up visits. They also received their test results of CD4+, CD8\u2009+\u2009T cell count and pVl.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"91"}}