{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T02:55:57Z","timestamp":1794624957048,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12192-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:48:24Z","timestamp":1767026904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A systematic review assessing body mass index and waist circumference as predictors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hellen","family":"Kgatla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haskly","family":"Mokoena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musawenkosi","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanyisani","family":"Ziqubu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matlhlohonolo S.","family":"Sivhiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemimah","family":"Kyeyune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamakase G.","family":"Sello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 P.","family":"Kengne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zandile J.","family":"Mchiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihle E.","family":"Mabhida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"12192_CR1","unstructured":"Chaudhary V, et al. Epidemiology and determinants of HIV among female sex workers in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J HIVAIDS Soc Serv. 2025:1\u201321."},{"issue":"4","key":"12192_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040716","volume":"10","author":"J Portilla-Tamarit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Portilla-Tamarit J, et al. Impact of advanced HIV disease on quality of life and mortality in the era of combined antiretroviral treatment. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):716.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"12192_CR3","first-page":"111","volume":"2","author":"E Obeagu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Obeagu E, GU EEO. Understanding the intersection of highly active antiretroviral therapy and platelets in HIV patients: A review. Elite J Haematol. 2024;2(3):111\u20137.","journal-title":"Elite J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"12192_CR4","first-page":"111","volume":"2","author":"E Obeagu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Obeagu E. Understanding the intersection of highly active antiretroviral therapy and platelets in HIV patients: A review. Elite J Haematol. 2024;2(3):111\u20137.","journal-title":"Elite J Haematol"},{"key":"12192_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.05.028","volume":"111","author":"DA Guariglia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guariglia DA, et al. Effect of combined training on body composition and metabolic variables in people living with HIV: a randomized clinical trial. Cytokine. 2018;111:505\u201310.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"3","key":"12192_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1208_19","volume":"9","author":"DS Meena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meena DS, et al. Metabolic changes in the patients on second-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a prospective cohort study from North India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(3):1550\u20134.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"12192_CR7","unstructured":"Salawu A et al. Is waist to height ratio better than other indices of obesity in determining cardiovascular risk?"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20168-7","volume":"24","author":"MD Sekgala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sekgala MD, et al. Clinical utility of novel anthropometric indices in identifying type 2 diabetes mellitus among South African adult females. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):2676.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12192_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Ford ES. Are the recent secular increases in the waist circumference of adults independent of changes in BMI? Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101(3):425\u201331.","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.094672"},{"key":"12192_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00483-5","volume":"17","author":"SS Bailin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bailin SS, et al. Obesity and weight gain in persons with HIV. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2020;17:138\u201350.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"42","key":"12192_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31349","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031349","volume":"101","author":"K Konishi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konishi K, et al. Sarcopenia among people living with HIV and the effect of antiretroviral therapy on body composition. Medicine. 2022;101(42):e31349.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"12192_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eteneneng EJ, Akum NF. Evaluation of risk factors\/prevalence of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and central-obesity in people living with HIV\/AIDS at the Bamenda Regional Hospital. Recent Adv Nat Sci 2024:101\u2013101.","DOI":"10.61298\/rans.2024.2.2.101"},{"issue":"10","key":"12192_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24110","volume":"32","author":"LM S\u00e1nchez-Romero","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Romero LM, et al. Sex differences in the secular change in waist circumference relative to BMI in five countries from 1997 to 2020. Obesity. 2024;32(10):1934\u201347.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"12192_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemal A et al. Dyslipidemia and associated factors among adult patients on antiretroviral therapy in Armed Force Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. HIV AIDS Res Palliat Care 2020:221\u2013231.","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S252391"},{"issue":"10","key":"12192_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa259","volume":"71","author":"J Gorwood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gorwood J, et al. The integrase inhibitors dolutegravir and raltegravir exert proadipogenic and profibrotic effects and induce insulin resistance in human\/simian adipose tissue and human adipocytes. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(10):e549\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"12192_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athplu.2024.01.003","volume":"55","author":"H Mokoena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mokoena H, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases in people living with HIV on specific highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen: A systematic review of clinical studies. Atherosclerosis Plus. 2024;55:47\u201354.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis Plus"},{"issue":"5","key":"12192_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00673-1","volume":"11","author":"GA McComsey","year":"2022","unstructured":"McComsey GA, et al. Association between weight gain and the incidence of cardiometabolic conditions among people living with HIV-1 at high risk of weight gain initiated on antiretroviral therapy. Infect Dis Therapy. 2022;11(5):1883\u201399.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"12192_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1770181","volume":"33","author":"JO Olawepo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olawepo JO, et al. Changes in body mass index among people living with HIV who are new on highly active antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Care. 2021;33(3):326\u201336.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-024-02261-3","volume":"25","author":"R Chireshe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chireshe R, Manyangadze T, Naidoo K. Diabetes mellitus and associated factors among HIV-positive patients at primary health care facilities in Harare, zimbabwe: a descriptive cross-sectional study. BMC Prim Care. 2024;25(1):28.","journal-title":"BMC Prim Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"12192_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13351","volume":"24","author":"D Khuon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khuon D, et al. BMI as a predictor of high fasting blood glucose among people living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific region. HIV Med. 2023;24(2):139\u201352.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2022.01061","volume":"5","author":"M Nagai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nagai M, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV in Vietnam. Global Health Med. 2023;5(1):15\u201322.","journal-title":"Global Health Med"},{"key":"12192_CR22","unstructured":"Jpt H. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2008. http:\/\/www.cochrane-handbook.org."},{"key":"12192_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10318-6","volume":"21","author":"DM Umar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Umar DM, Naidoo P. Prevalence and predictors of diabetes mellitus among persons living with HIV: a retrospective cohort study conducted in 4 public healthcare facilities in KwaZulu-Natal. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"12192_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Med. 2012;22(3):276\u201382.","journal-title":"Biochemia Med"},{"key":"12192_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173440","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1173440","volume":"10","author":"AS Badacho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Badacho AS, Mahomed OH. Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes and associated risk factors among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Southern Ethiopia. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1173440.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0262604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262604","volume":"17","author":"WT Tadesse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tadesse WT, et al. Prevalence and predictors of glucose metabolism disorders among people living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(1):e0262604.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07485-1","volume":"22","author":"J H\u00f8gh","year":"2022","unstructured":"H\u00f8gh J, et al. Insulin resistance in people living with HIV is associated with exposure to thymidine analogues and\/or didanosine and prior immunodeficiency. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):503.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"12192_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1925212","volume":"34","author":"JR Buendia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buendia JR, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of type II diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV in Texas. AIDS Care. 2022;34(7):900\u20137.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR29","first-page":"2766","volume":"13","author":"A Rajagopaul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajagopaul A, Naidoo M. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension amongst the HIV-positive population at a district hospital in eThekwini, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Family Med. 2021;13(1):2766.","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Family Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"12192_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002603","volume":"86","author":"K Petoumenos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petoumenos K, et al. Effect of changes in body mass index on the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in HIV-positive individuals: results from the D: A: D study. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;86(5):579\u201386.","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"12192_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanttu A et al. Prevalence of obesity and disturbances in glucose homeostasis in HIV-infected subjects and general population\u2013missed diagnoses of diabetes? HIV Med 2021;22(4):244\u201353.","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13009"},{"key":"12192_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2021.101608","volume":"25","author":"AJ Cassenote","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cassenote AJ, et al. Incidence and associated factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus onset in the Brazilian HIV\/AIDS cohort study. Brazilian J Infect Dis. 2021;25:101608.","journal-title":"Brazilian J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"12192_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2020.1509","volume":"18","author":"MA Raposo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raposo MA, Guimar\u00e3es NS, Tupinamb\u00e1s U. Lipid accumulation product index to predict metabolic syndrome in people living with HIV. Clin Med Res. 2020;18(4):120\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"12192_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235042X1989931","DOI":"10.1177\/2235042X19899319","volume":"10","author":"Z Getahun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Getahun Z, et al. Comorbidity of HIV, hypertension, and diabetes and associated factors among people receiving antiretroviral therapy in Bahir Dar City. Ethiopia J Comorbidity. 2020;10:2235042X19899319.","journal-title":"Ethiopia J Comorbidity"},{"key":"12192_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duguma F, et al. Diabetes mellitus and associated factors among adult HIV patients on highly active anti-retroviral treatment. HIV AIDS Res Palliat Care 2020:657\u201365.","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S279732"},{"issue":"5","key":"12192_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1695727","volume":"32","author":"GH da Cunha","year":"2020","unstructured":"da Cunha GH, et al. Diabetes mellitus in people living with HIV\/AIDS: prevalence and associated risk factors. AIDS Care. 2020;32(5):600\u20137.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25236","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25236","volume":"22","author":"WM Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han WM, et al. Diabetes mellitus burden among people living with HIV from the Asia-Pacific region. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22(1):e25236.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"12192_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2018.0052","volume":"32","author":"A Osoti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osoti A, et al. Metabolic syndrome among antiretroviral therapy-naive versus experienced HIV-infected patients without preexisting cardiometabolic disorders in Western Kenya. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2018;32(6):215\u201322.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"12192_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ataro Z et al. Magnitude and associated factors of diabetes mellitus and hypertension among adult HIV-positive individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia. HIV AIDS Res Palliat Care 2018:181\u2013192.","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S176877"},{"issue":"5","key":"12192_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001722","volume":"78","author":"AC Achhra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Achhra AC, et al. Body mass index and the risk of serious non-AIDS events and all-cause mortality in treated HIV-positive individuals: D: A: D cohort analysis. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78(5):579\u201388.","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"11","key":"12192_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001496","volume":"31","author":"O Putcharoen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Putcharoen O, et al. New-onset diabetes in HIV-treated adults: predictors, long-term renal and cardiovascular outcomes. Aids. 2017;31(11):1535\u201343.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"12192_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2209-z","volume":"17","author":"G PrayGod","year":"2017","unstructured":"PrayGod G, et al. Dysglycemia associations with adipose tissue among HIV-infected patients after 2 years of antiretroviral therapy in mwanza: a follow-up cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"12192_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12896","volume":"22","author":"C Chimbetete","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chimbetete C, et al. New-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus among patients receiving HIV care at Newlands Clinic, Harare, zimbabwe: retrospective cohort analysis. Tropical Med Int Health. 2017;22(7):839\u201345.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"12192_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2792","volume":"32","author":"JY Rhee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rhee JY, et al. Prediabetes and diabetes among HIV-infected adults in Cameroon. Diab\/Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(6):544\u20139.","journal-title":"Diab\/Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"12192_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2844","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002844","volume":"95","author":"S Karamchand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karamchand S, et al. Risk factors for incident diabetes in a cohort taking first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. Medicine. 2016;95(9):e2844.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"12192_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5639-7","volume":"18","author":"GB Kagaruki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kagaruki GB, et al. Knowledge and perception on type2 diabetes and hypertension among HIV clients utilizing care and treatment services: a cross sectional study from Mbeya and Dar Es Salaam regions in Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12192_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen LD et al. Risk of diabetes mellitus in persons with and without HIV: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study. 2012.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044575"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR48","first-page":"621565","volume":"2012","author":"A Diouf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diouf A, et al. Diabetes and hypertension among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment since 1998 in senegal: prevalence and associated factors. Int Sch Res Notices. 2012;2012(1):621565.","journal-title":"Int Sch Res Notices"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318031d7e3","volume":"45","author":"I Brar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brar I, et al. A comparison of factors associated with prevalent diabetes mellitus among HIV-Infected antiretroviral-naive individuals versus individuals in the National health and nutritional examination survey cohort. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45(1):66\u201371.","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"12192_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1086\/511679","volume":"44","author":"K Mondy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mondy K, et al. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients from an urban, Midwestern US outpatient population. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(5):726\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1075","volume":"30","author":"K Samaras","year":"2007","unstructured":"Samaras K, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy using international diabetes foundation and adult treatment panel III criteria: associations with insulin resistance, disturbed body fat compartmentalization, elevated C-reactive protein, and hypoadiponectinemia. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(1):113\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"12192_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-024-00695-0","volume":"43","author":"M Lartey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lartey M, et al. Incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in persons living with HIV initiated on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral regimen in ghana: an observational longitudinal study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2024;43(1):199.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"12192_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13007","volume":"22","author":"FS Sarfo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarfo FS, et al. Prevalence and incidence of pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV in Ghana: evidence from the EVERLAST study. HIV Med. 2021;22(4):231\u201343.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"12192_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194199","volume":"13","author":"AD Duncan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duncan AD, Goff LM, Peters BS. Type 2 diabetes prevalence and its risk factors in HIV: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3):e0194199.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"12192_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198202","volume":"13","author":"NTT Tran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tran NTT, et al. The importance of waist circumference and body mass index in cross-sectional relationships with risk of cardiovascular disease in Vietnam. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(5):e0198202.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12192_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bam NE, Mabunda SA. The association between HIV tri-therapy with the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus in a rural South African district: a case-control study. 2020;15(12):e0244067.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244067"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12192-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12192-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12192-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:02:22Z","timestamp":1767031342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12192-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12192-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1768"}}