{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:14:40Z","timestamp":1772165680492,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12232-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T16:32:57Z","timestamp":1764693177000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In silico design and validation of a Plasmodium falciparum multi-epitope diagnostic antigen (PfMEDA1) for the diagnosis of falciparum malaria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Marcel Nyuylam","family":"Moyeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert Adamu","family":"Shey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Innocent","family":"Mbulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Njimoh Lemuh","family":"Dieudonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Denis","family":"Sofeu-Feugaing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ven-Laura Atem","family":"Yega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Ngoinkumi","family":"Talla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choh","family":"Soh-Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernsah Chantal","family":"Sherinyuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afungchwi Cynthia","family":"Ngengang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan Amban","family":"Chick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilfred Fon","family":"Mbacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"12232_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World malaria report 2023. World Health Organization; 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240086173."},{"key":"12232_CR2","unstructured":"Comite\u00b4 Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme. Cameroon National Malaria Control Programme, Annual Report, 2006, http:\/\/www.minsante.gov.cm"},{"key":"12232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-163","volume":"13","author":"AL Mutanda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mutanda AL, Cheruiyot P, Hodges JS, et al. Sensitivity of fever for diagnosis of clinical malaria in a Kenyan area of unstable, low malaria transmission. Malar J. 2014;13:163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-13-163.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"3","key":"12232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.3.509-539.2004","volume":"17","author":"IA Clark","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clark IA, Alleva LM, Mills AC, Cowden WB. Pathogenesis of malaria and clinically similar conditions. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(3):509\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.17.3.509-539.2004.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"12232_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-118","volume":"7","author":"T Endeshaw","year":"2008","unstructured":"Endeshaw T, Gebre T, Ngondi J, et al. Evaluation of light microscopy and rapid diagnostic test for the detection of malaria under operational field conditions: a household survey in Ethiopia. Malar J. 2008;7:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-7-118.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"12232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2018-2","volume":"16","author":"F Odhiambo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Odhiambo F, Buff AM, Moranga C, et al. Factors associated with malaria microscopy diagnostic performance following a pilot quality-assurance programme in health facilities in malaria low-transmission areas of Kenya, 2014. Malar J. 2017;16:371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-017-2018-2.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"12232_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.8.1629-1634.1991","volume":"29","author":"ME Parra","year":"1991","unstructured":"Parra ME, Evans CB, Taylor DW. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 in the plasma of humans with malaria. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:1629\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"12232_CR8","unstructured":"The United States National Library of Medicine. Access Gudid\u2013Device: BinaxNOW\u00ae Malaria (10811877010378) [Internet]. 2024. Available at: https:\/\/accessgudid.nlm.nih.gov\/devices\/10811877010378. Accessed 7 April 2024."},{"key":"12232_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03739-6","volume":"20","author":"A Kong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kong A, Wilson SA, Ah Y, et al. HRP2 and HRP3 cross-reactivity and implications for HRP2-based RDT use in regions with Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions. Malar J. 2021;20:207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03739-6.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"12232_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008091","volume":"5","author":"D Gamboa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gamboa D, Ho M-F, Bendezu J, Torres K, Chiodini PL, Barnwell JW, Incardona S, Perkins M, Bell D, McCarthy J, Cheng Q. A large proportion of P. falciparum isolates in the Amazon region of Peru lack pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e8091.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12232_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1780-5","volume":"16","author":"A Jimenez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jimenez A, Rees-Channer RR, Perera R, et al. Analytical sensitivity of current best-in-class malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J. 2017;16:128.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"12232_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1213-6","volume":"94","author":"J Richter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richter J, G\u00f6bels K, M\u00fcller-St\u00f6ver I, Hoppenheit B, H\u00e4ussinger D. Co-reactivity of plasmodial histidine-rich protein 2 and aldolase on a combined immuno-chromographic-malaria dipstick (ICT) as a potential semi-quantitative marker of high plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia. Parasitol Res. 2004;94:384\u20135.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"12232_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06271","volume":"7","author":"R Bamou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bamou R, Nematchoua-Weyou Z, Lontsi-Demano M, Ningahi LG, Tchoumbou MA, Defo-Talom BA, Mayi MPA, Tchuinkam T. Performance assessment of a widely used rapid diagnostic test CareStart\u2122 compared to microscopy for the detection of Plasmodium in asymptomatic patients in the Western region of Cameroon. Heliyon. 2021;7(2):e06271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06271.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"12232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90050-8","volume":"58","author":"G Snounou","year":"1993","unstructured":"Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;58(2):283\u201392.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"12232_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2017.04.001","volume":"2","author":"K Gavina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gavina K, Arango E, Larrotta CA, Maestre A, Yanow SK. A sensitive species-specific reverse transcription real-time PCR method for detection of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium Vivax. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2017;2(2):70\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parepi.2017.04.001.","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"12232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013733","volume":"5","author":"NW Lucchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lucchi NW, Demas A, Narayanan J, Sumari D, Kabanywanyi A, Kachur SP, et al. Real-Time fluorescence loop mediated isothermal amplification for the diagnosis of malaria. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(10):e13733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0013733.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"12232_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00345-07","volume":"14","author":"K Hoelzle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoelzle K, Grimm J, Ritzmann M, Heinritzi K, Torgerson P, Hamburger A, Wittenbrink MM, Hoelzle LE. Use of Recombinant antigens to detect antibodies against Mycoplasma suis, with correlation of serological results to hematological findings. Clincal Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14(12):1616\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00345-07.","journal-title":"Clincal Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"12232_CR18","first-page":"495","volume":"9","author":"CM Shintouo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shintouo CM, Shey RA, Nebangwa DN, Esoh K, Nongley K, Nguve NF, Giron JE, Mutesa P, Vanhamme L, Souopgui L, Ghogomu J, S. M., Njemini R. In Silico design and validation of OvMANE1, a chimeric antigen for human onchocerciasis diagnosis. Pathogens (Basel Switzerland). 2020;9(6):495.","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"12232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94817-x","volume":"11","author":"P Napole\u00e3o-P\u00eago","year":"2021","unstructured":"Napole\u00e3o-P\u00eago P, Carneiro FRG, Durans AM, et al. Performance assessment of a multi-epitope chimeric antigen for the serological diagnosis of acute Mayaro fever. Sci Rep. 2021;11:15374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-94817-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"12232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cox H, Devriendt E. B (2019). Rapid production of a chimeric antibody-antigen fusion protein based on 2A-peptide cleavage and green fluorescent protein expression in CHO cells. MAbs. 2019;11(3):559\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19420862.2019.1574531","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2019.1574531"},{"key":"12232_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065x.2010.00988.x","volume":"240","author":"JC Hafalla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hafalla JC, Silvie O. Matuschewski cell biology and immunology of malaria Immunol. Review. 2011;240:297\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065x.2010.00988.x.","journal-title":"Review"},{"key":"12232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azc\u00e1rate IG, Mar\u00edn-Garc\u00eda P, Abad P, Susana P-B, Estela P-A, Pedro AR, Julius N, Fobil Jos\u00e9MR, Amalia D, Antonio P. Plasmodium falciparum immunodominant IgG epitopes in subclinical malaria. Sci Rep. 2020;10:9398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66384-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66384-0"},{"key":"12232_CR23","unstructured":"Daniel WW. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences. 7th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1999."},{"key":"12232_CR24","unstructured":"MISANTE. (2020). The 13th World Malaria Day. Retrieved 05 January 2023. https:\/\/www.minsante.cm\/site\/sites\/default\/files\/Discours%20%2013%C3%A8me%20JMLP%20English.pdf."},{"key":"12232_CR25","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Basic malaria microscopy: part I Learner\u2019s guide; part II Tutor\u2019s guide, Tech. Rep., WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 1991."},{"issue":"6","key":"12232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.565","volume":"52","author":"CV Plowe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52(6):565\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"12232_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215(3):403\u2013chen410.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12232_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-361","volume":"8","author":"HH Bui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bui HH, Sidney J, Li W, Fusseder N, Sette A. Development of an epitope conservancy analysis tool to facilitate the design of epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines. BMC Bioinformatics. 2007;8(1):361.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"10","key":"12232_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.039","volume":"65","author":"X Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen X, Zaro JL, Shen WC. Fusion protein linkers: property, design and functionality. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(10):1357\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.039.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"12232_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasteiger E, Hoogland C, Gattiker A, Duvaud S, Wilkins MR, Appel RD, Bairoch A. Protein identification and analysis tools on the expasy server. In: John M, Walker, editors. The proteomics protocols handbook. Humana; 2005. pp. 571\u2013607.","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-890-0:571"},{"issue":"1","key":"12232_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa1102","volume":"37","author":"J Hon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hon J, Marusiak M, Martinek T, Kunka A, Zendulka J, Bednar D, Damborsky J. SoluProt: prediction of soluble protein expression in Escherichia coli. Bioinformatics. 2021;37(1):23\u20138.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3 291","key":"12232_CR32","first-page":"147","volume":"25","author":"C Combet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Combet C, Blanchet C, Geourjon C, Del\u00e9age G. NPS@: network protein sequence analysis. March. 2000;25(3 291):147\u201350.","journal-title":"March"},{"key":"12232_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00728-0","volume":"17","author":"X Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zheng W, Li Y, Pearce R, Zhang C, Bell EW, Zhang G, Zhang Y. I-TASSER-MTD: a deep-learning-based platform for multi-domain protein structure and function prediction. Nat Protoc. 2022;17:2326\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"12232_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ko J, Park H, Heo L, Seok C. GalaxyWEB server for protein structure prediction and refinement. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;W294\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gks493. 40(Web Server issue).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks493"},{"issue":"9","key":"12232_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560020916","volume":"2","author":"C Colovos","year":"1993","unstructured":"Colovos C, Yeates TO. Verification of protein structures: patterns of nonbonded atomic interactions. Protein Science: Publication Protein Soc. 1993;2(9):1511\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pro.5560020916.","journal-title":"Protein Science: Publication Protein Soc"},{"key":"12232_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki388","volume":"33","author":"A Grote","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grote A, Hiller K, Scheer M, M\u00fcnch R, N\u00f6rtemann B, Hempel DC, Jahn D. JCat: A novel tool to adapt codon usage of a target gene to its potential expression host. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33:526\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gki388. Web-Server-Issue.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"12232_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.3.1252-1258.2000","volume":"68","author":"C Aucan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aucan C, Traor\u00e9 Y, Tall F, Nacro B, Traor\u00e9-Leroux T, Fumoux F, et al. High Immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) and low IgG4 levels are associated with human resistance to plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun. 2000;68(3):1252\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.68.3.1252-1258.2000.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"12232_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2654-9","volume":"18","author":"TE Kwenti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwenti TE, Kukwah TA, Kwenti TDB, Nyassa BR, Dilonga MH, Enow-Orock G, et al. Comparative analysis of IgG and IgG subclasses against Plasmodium falciparum MSP-119 in children from five contrasting bioecological zones of Cameroon. Malar J. 2019;18(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-019-2654-9.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"12232_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00520","volume":"5","author":"G Vidarsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vidarsson G, Dekkers G, Rispens T. IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. Front Immunol. 2014;5:520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00520.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"12232_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Franco GdeM, da Rocha AS, Cox LJ, Daian e Silva DSDO, da Silveira e Santos DM, Martins ML, et al. Multi-epitope protein as a tool of serological diagnostic development for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections. Front Public Health. 2022;10:884701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.884701","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.884701"},{"issue":"18","key":"12232_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9811","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189811","volume":"25","author":"ER Dias","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dias ER, Durans AM, Succar BB, Pinto LALT, Lechuga GC, Miguez MG, Figueira-Mansur J, Argondizzo APC, Bernardo AR, Diniz RL, Esteves GS, Silva ED, Morel CM, Borges-Pereira J, De-Simone SG, Junqueira ACV, Provance DW. A Multi-Epitope protein for High-Performance serodiagnosis of chronic Chagas disease in ELISA and lateral flow platforms. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(18):9811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25189811.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"12232_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.5599\/admet.831","volume":"8","author":"M Vihinen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vihinen M. Solubility of proteins. ADMET DMPK. 2020;8(4):391\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5599\/admet.831.","journal-title":"ADMET DMPK"},{"issue":"1","key":"12232_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2155-7","volume":"17","author":"C Morang\u2019a","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morang\u2019a C, Ayieko C, Awinda G, Achilla R, Moseti C, Ogutu B, Waitumbi J, Wanja E. Stabilization of RDT target antigens present in dried plasmodium falciparum-infected samples for validating malaria rapid diagnostic tests at the point of care. Malar J. 2018;17(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-017-2155-7.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"8","key":"12232_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070166","volume":"8","author":"KY Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang KY, Yang J-R. Analysis and prediction of highly effective antiviral peptides based on random forests. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8):e70166\u2013e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0070166.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12232_CR45","first-page":"1895","volume":"88","author":"A Ikai","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ikai A. Thermo stability and aliphatic index of globular proteins. J Biochem. 1980;88:1895\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"12232_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.02.002","volume":"7","author":"S Enany","year":"2014","unstructured":"Enany S. Structural and functional analysis of hypothetical and conserved proteins of clostridium Tetani. J Infect Public Health. 2014;7(4):296\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.02.002.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2174\/187153007782794371","volume":"7","author":"G Corradin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Corradin G, Villard V, Kajava AV. Protein structure based strategies for antigen discovery and vaccine development against malaria and other pathogens. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targ. 2007;7:259\u201365.","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targ"},{"key":"12232_CR48","unstructured":"Dhurigai N, Daniel RR, Auxilia LR. Structure determination of Leghemoglobin using Homology Modeling. 2014."},{"issue":"10","key":"12232_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00125","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00125-20","volume":"88","author":"B Adu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adu B, Issahaque QA, Sarkodie-Addo T, Kumordjie S, Kyei-Baafour E, Sinclear CK, Eyia-Ampah S, Owusu-Yeboa E, Theisen M, Dodoo D. Microscopic and submicroscopic asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum infections in Ghanaian children and protection against febrile malaria. Infect Immun. 2020;88(10):e00125\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00125-20.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"12232_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000444144","volume":"25","author":"J Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim J, Jang JW, Kim JY, Oh DJ, Lim CS. Combined use of malaria antigen and antibody Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay for blood screening of plasmodium Vivax in the Republic of Korea. Med Principles Practice: Int J Kuwait Univ Health Sci Centre. 2016;25(3):212\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000444144.","journal-title":"Med Principles Practice: Int J Kuwait Univ Health Sci Centre"},{"key":"12232_CR51","unstructured":"World Health Organisation RS\/2003\/GE\/05(PHL). (2003): Malaria rapid diagnosis: making it work. Informal consultation on field trials and quality assurance on malaria rapid diagnostic tests. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific 2003."},{"issue":"4","key":"12232_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_182_23","volume":"23","author":"\u015eK \u00c7orbac\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7orbac\u0131o\u011flu \u015eK, Aksel G. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in diagnostic accuracy studies: A guide to interpreting the area under the curve value. Turkish J Emerg Med. 2023;23(4):195\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjem.tjem_182_23.","journal-title":"Turkish J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"12232_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.023","volume":"23","author":"P Corran","year":"2007","unstructured":"Corran P, Coleman P, Riley E, Drakeley C. Serology: A robust indicator of malaria transmission intensity? Trends Parasitol. 2007;23(12):575\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.023.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"12232_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03285-12","volume":"51","author":"BE Barber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barber BE, William T, Grigg MJ, Piera K, Yeo TW, Anstey NM. Evaluation of the sensitivity of a pLDH-based and an aldolase-based rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of uncomplicated and severe malaria caused by PCR-confirmed Plasmodium knowlesi, plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium Vivax. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(4):1118\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.03285-12.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"12232_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigoga JD, Manga L, Titanji VPK, Coetzee M, Leke RGF. Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal South-Western Cameroon. Malar J. 2007.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-5"},{"key":"12232_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyeh MN, Ali IM, Njimoh DL, Nji AM, Netongo PM, Evehe MS, Atogho-Tiedeu B, Ghogomu SM, Mbacham WF. Comparison of the accuracy of four malaria diagnostic methods in a high transmission setting in coastal Cameroon. J Parasitol Res. 2019:1417967.","DOI":"10.21955\/aasopenres.1114966.1"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12232-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12232-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12232-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T14:55:37Z","timestamp":1767711337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12232-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12232-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6681930\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval to carry out this study was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences-Institutional Review Board of the University of Bamenda (2022\/0792H\/UBa\/IRB of the 28th of February 2023) while administrative authorization was obtained from the Regional Delegation of Public Health for the South-West Region and the District Medical officers of the various hospitals that served as the sample collection sites. Consent to participate in the study was requested from participants after they were adequately informed of the study rationale, the procedures to be carried out on them, and the potential risks\/benefits of participating in the study. They were also informed of the provision for privacy and confidentiality, and the right to pull out of the study at any time and still receive full medical care according to national guidelines. The informed consent form was written in simple English to enable all participants to read and understand and for participants who could not read and understand, the consent form was read and explained to them. Consent to participate in the study for minors was requested from the parent or legal guardian. Data\/samples were only collected from participants who willingly accepted to be part of the study and signed the consent form. The study was carried out following the prescriptions of good clinical and laboratory practice as well as the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}