{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T09:03:56Z","timestamp":1774343036757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12547-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T09:15:48Z","timestamp":1770455748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of herpes zoster in individuals who have received COVID-19 vaccine and\/or had COVID-19: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3948-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nebiha Gozde","family":"Ispir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umut","family":"Pamukcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9136-652X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Hursit","family":"Ispir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilkay","family":"Peker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0908-8304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meryem","family":"Toraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"12547_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125246","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1125246","volume":"14","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Jiao B, Qu L, Yang D, Liu R. The development of COVID-19 treatment. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1125246.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"12547_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14995","volume":"771","author":"L Klimek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klimek L, Agache I, Cooke E, Jutel M, Akdis CA, O\u2019Hehir R. COVID-19 vaccines-The way forward. Allergy. 2022;771:15\u20136.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"12547_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4274\/mirt.galenos.2022.86570","volume":"313","author":"H \u015ean","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u015ean H, Alag\u00f6z E. The effects of coronavac (Sinovac) and BNT162b2 (BioNTech\/Pfizer) vaccination on oncologic (18)F-FDG PET\/CT studies. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther. 2022;313:179\u201390.","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther"},{"key":"12547_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klugar M, Riad A, Mekhemar M, Conrad J, Buchbender M, Howaldt HP et al. (2021) Side effects of mRNA-based and viral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines among German healthcare workers. Biology (Basel) 108.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10080752"},{"key":"12547_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S441898","volume":"16","author":"L Potestio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Potestio L, Megna M, Villani A, Cacciapuoti S, Scalvenzi M, Martora F. Herpes Zoster and COVID-19 vaccination: A narrative review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2023;16:3323\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"12547_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29629","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29629","volume":"965","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang F, Gao Y, Wagner AL, Lu Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of herpes Zoster occurrence\/recurrence after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. J Med Virol. 2024;965:e29629.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"12547_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-023-2797-3","volume":"436","author":"NN Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie NN, Zhang WC, Chen J, Tian FB, Song JX. Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and therapeutics of COVID-19: A review. Curr Med Sci. 2023;436:1066\u201374.","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"12547_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138234","volume":"961142","author":"S Umakanthan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Umakanthan S, Sahu P, Ranade AV, Bukelo MM, Rao JS, Abrahao-Machado LF, et al. Origin, transmission, diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Postgrad Med J. 2020;961142:753\u20138.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"12547_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03252-3","volume":"241","author":"P Le Balc\u2019h","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Balc\u2019h P, Pinceaux K, Pronier C, Seguin P, Tadi\u00e9 JM, Reizine F. Herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus reactivations among severe COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2020;241:530.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"12547_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1797158","volume":"5212","author":"B Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang B, Guo S, Yao Y, Li Y, Zhang G. Dermatologists May need to pay more attention to herpes Zoster during the pandemic of COVID-19. Infect Dis (Lond). 2020;5212:917\u20138.","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"12547_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.033","volume":"104","author":"CMF Maia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maia CMF, Marques NP, de Lucena EHG, de Rezende LF, Martelli DRB, Martelli-J\u00fanior H. Increased number of herpes Zoster cases in Brazil related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:732\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"12547_CR12","first-page":"e18022","volume":"139","author":"M Shanshal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shanshal M, Ahmed HS. COVID-19 and herpes simplex virus infection: A Cross-Sectional study. Cureus. 2021;139:e18022.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"12547_CR13","first-page":"e13666","volume":"334","author":"ML Elsaie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elsaie ML, Youssef EA, Nada HA. Herpes Zoster might be an indicator for latent COVID 19 infection. Dermatol Ther. 2020;334:e13666.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"12547_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1302674","volume":"3693","author":"JI Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen JI. Clinical practice: herpes Zoster. N Engl J Med. 2013;3693:255\u201363.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12547_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.08.048","volume":"111","author":"CS van Dam","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Dam CS, Lede I, Schaar J, Al-Dulaimy M, R\u00f6sken R, Smits M. Herpes Zoster after COVID vaccination. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;111:169\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"12547_CR16","unstructured":"COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. (2022cited: 25.01.2022. Available from: https:\/\/covid19.saglik.gov.tr\/TR-66299\/covid-19-tedavi.html"},{"key":"12547_CR17","unstructured":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). (2022cited: 25.01.2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"12547_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab208","volume":"1147","author":"HH Chiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiu HH, Wei KC, Chen A, Wang WH. Herpes Zoster following COVID-19 vaccine: a report of three cases. QJM. 2021;1147:531\u20132.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"12547_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16651","volume":"503","author":"C Nakashima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nakashima C, Kato M, Otsuka A. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination. J Dermatol. 2023;503:280\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"12547_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2232451","volume":"221","author":"A Florea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Florea A, Jun W, Lei Q, Bruno L, SL S, Chun LI, et al. Risk of herpes Zoster following mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administration. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2023;221:643\u20139.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"12547_CR21","first-page":"e15521","volume":"357","author":"N Almutairi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almutairi N, Almutairi AN, Almazyad M, Alwazzan S. Herpes Zoster in the era of COVID 19: A prospective observational study to probe the association of herpes Zoster with COVID 19 infection and vaccination. Dermatol Ther. 2022;357:e15521.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"12547_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1335574","volume":"1296","author":"RR Dayan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dayan RR, Peleg R. Herpes zoster - typical and atypical presentations. Postgrad Med. 2017;1296:567\u201371.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"12547_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02156-y","volume":"523","author":"M Steinmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steinmann M, Lampe D, Grosser J, Schmidt J, Hohoff ML, Fischer A, et al. Risk factors for herpes Zoster infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis unveiling common trends and heterogeneity patterns. Infection. 2024;523:1009\u201326.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"12547_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.02.025","volume":"194","author":"G Troiano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Troiano G, Nardi A. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health. 2021;194:245\u201351.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"12547_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"38218","author":"W-j Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;38218:1708\u201320.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12547_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12483","volume":"153","author":"X Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, Estill J, Yang B, Lei R, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022;153:201\u201315.","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"12547_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","volume":"193","author":"P V\u2019Kovski","year":"2021","unstructured":"V\u2019Kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, Stalder H, Thiel V. Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;193:155\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"12547_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"1812","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kr\u00fcger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;1812:271\u2013e280278.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"12547_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03611-x","volume":"782","author":"J Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu J, Deng W, Li S, Yang X. Advances in research on ACE2 as a receptor for 2019-nCoV. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;782:531\u201344.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"12547_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung YS, Lam CY, Tan PH, Tsang HF, Wong SC. (2024) Comprehensive review of COVID-19: epidemiology, pathogenesis, advancement in diagnostic and detection techniques, and post-pandemic treatment strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2515.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158155"},{"key":"12547_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.12.001","volume":"127","author":"HA Vel\u00e1squez Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1squez Garc\u00eda HA, Adu PA, Harrigan S, Wilton J, Rasali D, Binka M, et al. Risk factors for COVID-19 hospitalization after COVID-19 vaccination: a population-based cohort study in Canada. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;127:116\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"12547_CR32","first-page":"e13948","volume":"754","author":"D Turkmen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turkmen D, Altunisik N, Mantar I, Durmaz I, Sener S, Colak C. Comparison of patients\u2019 diagnoses in a dermatology outpatient clinic during the COVID-19 pandemic period and pre-pandemic period. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;754:e13948.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"12547_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15570","volume":"222","author":"I Oguz Topal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oguz Topal I, Tokmak A, Kurmu\u015f GI, Kalkan G, Demirseren DD, Tosun M, et al. Skin manifestations following anti-COVID-19 vaccination: A multicentricstudy from Turkey. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023;222:354\u201363.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"12547_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15001","volume":"598","author":"F Tartari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tartari F, Spadotto A, Zengarini C, Zanoni R, Guglielmo A, Adorno A, et al. Herpes Zoster in COVID-19-positive patients. Int J Dermatol. 2020;598:1028\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"12547_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154497","volume":"246","author":"F Scholkmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scholkmann F, May CA. COVID-19, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS, long COVID) and post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS, post-COVIDvac-syndrome): similarities and differences. Pathol Res Pract. 2023;246:154497.","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"12547_CR36","first-page":"e13746","volume":"753","author":"M Kamal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamal M, Abo Omirah M, Hussein A, Saeed H. Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;753:e13746.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"12547_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19832","volume":"1851","author":"SAJ Schmidt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmidt SAJ, S\u00f8rensen HT, Langan SM, Vestergaard M. Perceived psychological stress and risk of herpes zoster: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2021;1851:130\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"12547_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2195","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002195","volume":"9511","author":"W-S Chung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chung W-S, Lin H-H, Cheng N-C. The incidence and risk of herpes Zoster in patients with sleep disorders: A Population-Based cohort study. Medicine. 2016;9511:e2195.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"12547_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi270","volume":"352","author":"SL Thomas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thomas SL, Wheeler JG, Hall AJ. Micronutrient intake and the risk of herpes zoster: a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;352:307\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"12547_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051016","volume":"35222","author":"MN Oxman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson G, Schmader K, Straus S, Gelb L, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes Zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;35222:2271\u201384.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12547_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-0956-3","volume":"307","author":"E Zorzoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zorzoli E, Pica F, Masetti G, Franco E, Volpi A, Gabutti G. Herpes Zoster in frail elderly patients: prevalence, impact, management, and preventive strategies. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;307:693\u2013702.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"12547_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SI90","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab345","volume":"60SI","author":"V Furer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furer V, Zisman D, Kibari A, Rimar D, Paran Y, Elkayam O. Herpes Zoster following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a case series. Rheumatology. 2021;60SI:SI90\u20135.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"12547_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060572","volume":"96","author":"M Psichogiou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Psichogiou M, Samarkos M, Mikos N, Hatzakis A. Reactivation of varicella Zoster virus after vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines. 2021;96:572.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"12547_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao X. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(5):269\u2013270. PMID: 32273594; PMCID: PMC7143200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12547-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12547-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12547-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:19:27Z","timestamp":1773400767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12547-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12547-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Before starting the study, ethics committee approval was obtained from the Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Clinical Research Ethics Committee. \u200b\u200b(Research No: GUDHKAEK.2022.04\/4). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.\u2019\u2019 In this study, informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"551"}}