{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T01:16:01Z","timestamp":1785028561454,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Clinical Key Specialty Capacity Building Project","award":["No. 202330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 202330"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Medical Center of Hainan Province","award":["2021818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021818"]}]},{"name":"Special Research Fund of Academician Innovation Platform of Hainan Province","award":["YSPTZX202313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSPTZX202313"]}]},{"name":"Joint Project of Health Technology Innovation of Hainan Province","award":["WSJK2024MS150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSJK2024MS150"]}]},{"name":"Support of Hainan Provincial Education Reform Project","award":["hnjg2024-67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hnjg2024-67"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12563-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:33:02Z","timestamp":1768815182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological investigation and risk factors analysis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and teenagers in Hainan Province"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yuliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanting","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengjiao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qicen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuni","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunqian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1560-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feihu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"12563_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00449-x","volume":"18","author":"E Tshibangu-Kabamba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tshibangu-Kabamba E, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance - from biology to clinical implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(9):613\u201329.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"12563_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1909666","volume":"382","author":"IJ Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi IJ, et al. Family history of gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori treatment. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(5):427\u201336.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12563_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1302-3_1","volume":"2283","author":"R FitzGerald","year":"2021","unstructured":"FitzGerald R, Smith SM. An overview of Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2283:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"12563_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256393","volume":"16","author":"RA Hussein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussein RA, Al-Ouqaili M, Majeed YH. Detection of Helicobacter pylori infection by invasive and non-invasive techniques in patients with Gastrointestinal diseases from iraq: A validation study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(8):e0256393.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"12563_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.09.047","volume":"166","author":"SF Moss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moss SF, et al. Evolving concepts in Helicobacter pylori management. Gastroenterology. 2024;166(2):267\u201383.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"12563_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toh J, Wilson RB. Pathways of gastric carcinogenesis, helicobacter pylori virulence and interactions with antioxidant systems, vitamin C and phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176451"},{"issue":"3","key":"12563_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0025821","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00258-21","volume":"35","author":"S Ansari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori Infection, its laboratory Diagnosis, and antimicrobial resistance: a perspective of clinical relevance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2022;35(3):e0025821.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"12563_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257817","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1257817","volume":"13","author":"Q Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun Q, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: a dynamic process from diagnosis to treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1257817.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"12563_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042220-020814","volume":"73","author":"YC Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee YC, Dore MP, Graham DY. Diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Annu Rev Med. 2022;73:183\u201395.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"37","key":"12563_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i37.5578","volume":"25","author":"BB de Brito","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Brito BB, et al. Pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(37):5578\u201389.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"12563_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","volume":"153","author":"J Hooi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hooi J, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(2):420\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"12563_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.12.022","volume":"166","author":"YC Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen YC, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and incidence of gastric cancer between 1980 and 2022. Gastroenterology. 2024;166(4):605\u201319.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"12563_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328965","volume":"72","author":"XZ Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou XZ, et al. Large-scale, national, family-based epidemiological study on Helicobacter pylori infection in china: the time to change practice for related disease prevention. Gut. 2023;72(5):855\u201369.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"12563_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.05.055","volume":"163","author":"WD Chey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chey WD, et al. Vonoprazan triple and dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in the united States and europe: randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology. 2022;163(3):608\u201319.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"12563_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000519413","volume":"103","author":"S Suzuki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suzuki S, et al. The ideal Helicobacter pylori treatment for the present and the future. Digestion. 2022;103(1):62\u20138.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"1","key":"12563_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.024","volume":"29","author":"RA Hussein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussein RA, Al-Ouqaili M, Majeed YH. Detection of clarithromycin resistance and 23SrRNA point mutations in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori isolates: phenotypic and molecular methods. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(1):513\u201320.","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"12563_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.563","volume":"112","author":"WD Chey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chey WD, et al. ACG clinical guideline: treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212\u201339.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"12563_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13517","volume":"26","author":"F Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang F, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Wuwei cohort of north-western China. Trop Med Int Health. 2021;26(3):290\u2013300.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"12563_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12810","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12810","volume":"26","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang X, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Wuwei, a high-risk area for gastric cancer in Northwest china: an all-ages population-based cross-sectional study. Helicobacter. 2021;26(4):e12810.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"issue":"3","key":"12563_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i3.133","volume":"5","author":"SM Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith SM. Role of Toll-like receptors in Helicobacter pylori infection and immunity. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014;5(3):133\u201346.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"issue":"43","key":"12563_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4636","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i43.4636","volume":"30","author":"L Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie L, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China from 2014\u20132023: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2024;30(43):4636\u201356.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"12563_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15751","volume":"37","author":"S Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren S, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in china: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;37(3):464\u201370.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"12563_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2023.103867","volume":"30","author":"M Al-Ouqaili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Ouqaili M, et al. Study of vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) genotypes of ulcerogenic and non-ulcerogenic strains of Helicobacter pylori and its association with gastric disease. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2023;30(12):103867.","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"12563_CR24","unstructured":"Galicia G PG, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection in the pediatric age. Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2021;95(5):e3831\u20139."},{"issue":"9","key":"12563_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.03.007","volume":"25","author":"Y Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren Y, et al. Did the integrated urban and rural resident basic medical insurance improve benefit equity in china? Value Health. 2022;25(9):1548\u201358.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"12563_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11165-6","volume":"105","author":"C Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng C, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection worsens impaired glucose regulation in high-fat diet mice in association with an altered gut Microbiome and metabolome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;105(5):2081\u201395.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12563_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agp068","volume":"45","author":"L Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang L, et al. Relationship between alcohol consumption and active Helicobacter pylori infection. Alcohol Alcohol. 2010;45(1):89\u201394.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12563_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12860","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12860","volume":"27","author":"J Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu J, et al. Impact of smoking on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2022;27(1):e12860.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"issue":"5","key":"12563_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2012.10720447","volume":"31","author":"XQ Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang XQ, et al. Interaction between dietary factors and Helicobacter pylori infection in noncardia gastric cancer: a population-based case-control study in China. J Am Coll Nutr. 2012;31(5):375\u201384.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"12563_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02973-3","volume":"23","author":"RX Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen RX, et al. A survey on Helicobacter pylori prevalence in Hainan Province and analysis of related risk factors. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):338.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12563-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12563-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12563-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:41:53Z","timestamp":1769064113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12563-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12563-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Approval No. 2024-K76-01) and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for data collection and storage.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"111"}}