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It addresses a critical gap in current guidelines by linking IL-6-mediated inflammation to metabolic health, aligning with WHO\u2019s holistic care principles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case-control study was employed, which included 724 hospitalized patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (the case group) from the tuberculosis department of a tertiary hospital between January 2023 and December 2023, matched with 724 healthy individuals who served as the control group. The indicators measured included lipid profile [Triglycerides (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)], nutritional indicators [Total Protein (TP), Albumin (ALB) and Globulin (GLB)], and inflammatory indicators (IL-6). Statistical analyses employed SPSS 18.0, utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test for intergroup comparisons and Spearman\u2019s correlation for association analyses, and multiple linear regression to identify independent predictors of serum IL-6 levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to the control group, the case group had significantly lower levels of TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TP, and ALB (\n                      <jats:italic>Z=-25.107~-3.619, all P\u2009=\u20090.000), while GLB levels were significantly elevated (Z=-7.113, P\u2009=\u20090.000<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). After adjusting for 5 confounders, Spearman\u2019s partial rank correlation analysis showed that TP had a positive correlation with TC, HDL-C and LDL-C (\n                      <jats:italic>r\u2009=\u20090.115\u2009~\u20090.181, P\u2009=\u20090.000\u2009~\u20090.002<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), ALB had a positive correlation with TC and HDL-C (\n                      <jats:italic>r\u2009=\u20090.271\u2009~\u20090.466; all P\u2009=\u20090.000<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), while GLB had a negative correlation with HDL-C and LDL-C (\n                      <jats:italic>r = -0.096~-0.266, P\u2009=\u20090.000\u2009~\u20090.010<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). IL-6 was negatively correlated with TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C (\n                      <jats:italic>r = -0.971~-0.220, all P\u2009=\u20090.000<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and negatively correlated with TP and ALB (\n                      <jats:italic>r = -0.253~-0.163, all P\u2009=\u20090.000<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Multiple linear regression analysis, after controlling for confounders and addressing multicollinearity, further identified lower levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides (TG), and globulin (GLB) as significant independent predictors of higher serum IL-6 concentrations (all P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The final model explained a substantial proportion of the variance in IL-6 levels (Adjusted R\u00b2 = 0.913).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals that patients with pulmonary tuberculosis exhibit a metabolic-nutritional phenotype characterized by \u201chypolipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia\u201d. Beyond correlation, multiple linear regression identified specific lipid fractions (LDL-C, HDL-C, TG) and globulin as independent predictors of IL-6 levels, indicating that IL-6 levels are significantly associated with these abnormalities and may reflect a shared underlying dysregulatory pathway. This research reinforces the management concept of viewing tuberculosis as a systemic metabolic disease and highly recommends that clinicians incorporate assessments of specific lipid profiles and protein fractions as a routine component of comprehensive tuberculosis management, with the goal of breaking the vicious cycle of \u201ctuberculosis, malnutrition, and decreased immunity.\u201d This approach could ultimately lead to better treatment outcomes for tuberculosis worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12823-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T03:15:39Z","timestamp":1770952539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of serum Interleukin-6 with dysregulated lipid metabolism and nutritional status in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sifang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aichun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"12823_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The requirement of informed consent to participate was waived by the Ethics Committee of Changsha Central Hospital (Approval No: 2024 Medical Review No. 099).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant No. 2026JJ82010). Please integrate it withthe existing grants. This is a compliance requirement. I appreciate your help.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"594"}}