{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:51:55Z","timestamp":1781639515619,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite Nigeria\u2019s high burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV), the epidemiological landscape of hepatitis D virus (HDV) remains largely unexplored. Consequently, HDV remains under-recognized as a public health concern, slowing down efforts to improve surveillance and clinical care. We investigated HDV infection among distinct HBV-positive populations in Nigeria, including individuals with chronic HBV infection living with or without HIV and those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and\/or cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study that involved 390 HBV-infected adults recruited from five tertiary-level hospitals in Nigeria. HDV total antibodies (anti-HDV) were determined in 379 samples using an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay. HDV-RNA quantification was performed in all 379 patients. Samples with detectable HDV-RNA were subjected to Sanger sequencing, and results analyzed using bioinformatics tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall anti-HDV antibody (HDV-Ab) seroprevalence was 8.1% with a significant difference observed across individual clinical groups: 4.1%, 11.0%, and 15.2% in asymptomatic HBV carriers, HCC\/cirrhosis, HIV\/HBV co-infection, respectively. Compared with asymptomatic HBV participants, HCC\/cirrhosis (adjusted OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.04\u20137.48) and HIV\/HBV (adjusted OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.20\u20139.25) groups had higher odds of anti-HDV positivity. HDV-RNA was detectable in 22.6% of all anti-HDV positive samples, with viral load ranging from 26.9 IU\/mL to 234,000 IU\/mL. HDV genotypes 1 and 5 were identified in HDV-RNA detectable samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals higher anti-HDV rates in HIV\/HBV coinfected individuals and suggests HDV as a significant contributor to liver cancer burden in Nigeria. These findings underscore the need for routine HDV screening among high-risk HBV-infected populations to enhance early detection and guide clinical management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12913-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T09:36:19Z","timestamp":1772098579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatitis delta virus co-infection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and people living with HIV in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ijeoma","family":"Ifeorah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Bremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Kahlh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatosin","family":"Oguntoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carey","family":"Tishiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gatuwa","family":"Aglavdawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ojonuga","family":"Ameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yussuf","family":"Abdulkadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olumuyiwa","family":"Ariyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Anim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwem","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukman","family":"Abdulkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Umar","family":"Garzali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Wedemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Sandmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"12913_CR1","unstructured":"Hepatitis D. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-d. 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