{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:31:43Z","timestamp":1774621903219,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72404105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72404105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72104083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72104083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC231120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC231120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Pediatric Alliance Medical Research Project","award":["HPAMRP202401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HPAMRP202401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12932-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:17:43Z","timestamp":1771856263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-specific clinical profiles and economic burden of pediatric tuberculosis: a 5-year retrospective study in central China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuili","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meilan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiping","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"12932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-023-05663-0","volume":"53","author":"J K-B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasznia-Brown J. Global resources in the fight against tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol. 2023;53(9):1746\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"12932_CR2","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-tuberculosis-programme\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"12932_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020039404","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-039404","volume":"147","author":"J HE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiang SS, Jenkins HE. Shedding light on tuberculosis deaths in children and adolescents. Pediatr. 2021;147(4):e2020039404.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"12932_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14579-7","volume":"22","author":"SALH DJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atkins S, Heimo L, Carter DJ, Ribas Closa M, Vanleeuw L, Chenciner L, et al. The socioeconomic impact of tuberculosis on children and adolescents: a scoping review and conceptual framework. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2153.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12932_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000581","volume":"30","author":"SFSB MF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fry S, Barnabas S, Cotton MF. Update on trends in childhood tuberculosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018;30(1):152\u201360.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"12932_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7206-2","volume":"19","author":"R JM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramos JM, P\u00e9rez-Butrague\u00f1o M, Tesfamariam A, Reyes F, Tiziano G, Endirays J, et al. Comparing tuberculosis in children aged under 5 versus 5 to 14 years old in a rural hospital in southern Ethiopia: an 18-year retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):856.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"12932_CR7","first-page":"777","volume":"100","author":"CM Yuen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuen CM, Szkwarko D, Dubois MM, Shahbaz S, Yuengling KA, Urbanowski ME, et al. Tuberculosis care models for children and adolescents: a scoping review. Bull WHO. 2022;100(12):777\u201388.","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"issue":"4","key":"12932_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30077-1","volume":"8","author":"BJ Marais","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marais BJ, Amanullah F, Gupta A, Becerra MC, Snow K, Ngadaya E, et al. Tuberculosis in children, adolescents, and women. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):335\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"151","key":"12932_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180106","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0106-2018","volume":"28","author":"G MI","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6schel MI, van den Boom M, Migliori GB, Dara M. Prioritising children and adolescents in the tuberculosis response of the WHO European Region. Eur Respir Rev. 2019;28(151):180106.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"12932_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0099-8","volume":"5","author":"X Jia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jia X, Chen J, Zhang S, Dai B, Long Q, Tang S. Implementing a free tuberculosis (TB) care policy under the integrated model in Jiangsu, China: practices and costs in the real world. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:1.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"12","key":"12932_CR11","first-page":"266","volume":"5","author":"C Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu C, Xia Y, Hu D, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Financial Burden of Tuberculosis Patients - China, 2020. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5(12):266\u201370.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"1","key":"12932_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17084-7","volume":"23","author":"K Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah K, Nakafeero J, Kadota JL, Wambi P, Nanyonga G, Kiconco E, et al. The socioeconomic burden of pediatric tuberculosis and role of child-sensitive social protection. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2339.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12932_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hummel P, Ahamed N, Amanullah F. Ethical issues surrounding childhood tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020;24(5):27\u201331.","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0806"},{"issue":"10202","key":"12932_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32045-8","volume":"394","author":"A R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reuter A, Hughes J, Furin J. Challenges and controversies in childhood tuberculosis. Lancet. 2019;394(10202):967\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9951","key":"12932_CR15","first-page":"1343","volume":"384","author":"S C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sismanidis C, Glaziou P, Law I, Floyd K. The burden of tuberculosis disease in children. Lancet. 2014;384(9951):1343.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"12932_CR16","unstructured":"Hubei Provincial Statistics Bureau. Hubei Provincial Statistical Yearbook 2023. Hubei Provincial Statistics Bureau; 2023."},{"key":"12932_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000049","volume":"147","author":"HG Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen HG, Wang TW, Cheng QX. Gender and time delays in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a cross-sectional study from China. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147:e94.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"12932_CR18","volume-title":"Technical Guidelines for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in China","author":"National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021","unstructured":"National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Technical Guidelines for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in China. Beijing: People\u2019s Medical Publishing House; 2021."},{"key":"12932_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tuberculosis patient cost surveys: a handbook. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241513524."},{"issue":"12","key":"12932_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0278025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278025","volume":"17","author":"F HH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farooqui HH, Karan A, Mathur MR, Hussain S, Selvaraj S. Out-of-pocket expenditure on childhood infections and its financial burden on Indian households: evidence from nationally representative household survey (2017\u201318). PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0278025.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"12932_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09771-6","volume":"24","author":"S Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan S, Abulizi A, You Y, Huang C, Yimit Y, Li Q, et al. Predicting hospitalization costs for pulmonary tuberculosis patients based on machine learning. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):875.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"12932_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16180-y","volume":"23","author":"L Xia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xia L, Gao L, Zhong Y, Wu Y, He J, Zou F, et al. Assessing the influencing factors of out-of-pocket costs on tuberculosis in Sichuan Province: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1391.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12932_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.04.001","volume":"233","author":"P Payne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Payne P, Hayward SE, Pareek M, Smyth A, Kerr L, Clemente NS, et al. Distribution of tuberculosis in migrant children and young people in Europe: a retrospective database analysis of European data. Public Health. 2024;233:100\u20137.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12932_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05686-5","volume":"20","author":"LL Q","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu L, Jiang Q, Hong J, Jin X, Gao Q, Bang H, et al. Catastrophic costs of tuberculosis care in a population with internal migrants in China. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):832.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"12932_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0182","volume":"25","author":"M M K, G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaswa M, Minga G, Nkiere N, Mingiedi B, Eloko G, Nguhiu P, et al. The economic burden of TB-affected households in DR Congo. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2021;25(11):923\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"12932_CR26","first-page":"e20220368","volume":"49","author":"L RB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loureiro RB, Guidoni LM, Fregona GC, Oliveira SMDVL, Sacramento D, Pinheiro JDS, et al. Follow-up of patients diagnosed with and treated for tuberculosis in Brazil: financial burden on the household. J Bras Pneumol. 2023;49(4):e20220368.","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"12932_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng H, Xiao J, Yang H, Li F, Guo Y, Wang Y, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis among children in Beijing, China. Epidemiol Infect. 2024;152:e44.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268824000414"},{"issue":"7","key":"12932_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2021.1927718","volume":"15","author":"S SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma SK, Mohan A, Kohli M. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2021;15(7):931\u201348.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"12932_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04988-0","volume":"182","author":"NSKC SB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siddalingaiah N, Chawla K, Nagaraja SB, Hazra D. Risk factors for the development of tuberculosis among the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(7):3007\u201319.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"12932_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30337-2","volume":"4","author":"S KJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Snow KJ, Cruz AT, Seddon JA, Ferrand RA, Chiang SS, Hughes JA, et al. Adolescent tuberculosis. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):68\u201379.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"12932_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0683","volume":"24","author":"C SS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiang SS, Dara M. TB in children and adolescents. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020;24(12):1231\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"12932_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang S, Wang L, Wang H, Chin DP. Access to and affordability of healthcare for TB patients in China: issues and challenges. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0096-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"12932_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0317","volume":"26","author":"BJHFEWMNAK J M-A, N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joshi B, Font H, Wobudeya E, Nanfuka M, Kobusingye A, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices on childhood TB among healthcare workers. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2022;26(3):243\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12932-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12932-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12932-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:40:47Z","timestamp":1774618847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12932-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12932-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (ID:53). This study used only routine data and did not involve any human participation; therefore, the application for waiving informed consent was accepted by the Ethics Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"661"}}