{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T22:02:52Z","timestamp":1780696972224,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001125","name":"GAVI Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12950-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T02:35:09Z","timestamp":1771900509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Measles-rubella surveillance and its facilitators and barriers in Bagmati province, Nepal: a mixed methods study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bipsana","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surakshya","family":"Kunwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Upreti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kshitij","family":"Karki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paras","family":"Pangeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leela","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipesh","family":"Tamrakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhim Singh","family":"Tinkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam Raj","family":"Upreti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"12950_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Strategic plan for measles and rubella elimination and sustenance in the WHO South-East Asia Region. 2024\u20132028. India. 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 5]; Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/765bfc21-8cda-4eb0-b9fb-6aeb4e2e50ab\/content"},{"key":"12950_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Measles [Internet] [cited 2024 Sep 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/measles"},{"key":"12950_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minta AA, Ferrari M, Antoni S, Portnoy A, Sbarra A, Lambert B, Hatcher C, Hsu CH, Ho LL, Steulet C, Gacic-Dobo M, Rota PA, Mulders MN, Bose AS, Caro WP, O\u2019Connor P, Crowcroft NS. Progress toward measles elimination \u2014 worldwide, 2000\u20132022. Morbidity and mortality weekly. 2023;72(46):1262\u20131268. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/72\/wr\/mm7246a3.htm","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7246a3"},{"key":"12950_CR4","unstructured":"Family Welfare Division, Government of Nepal. Technical Report on Measles Outbreaks and Root Cause Analysis, Nepal, 2022\u20132023 [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/fwd.gov.np\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Technical-reports-of-Root-Cause-Analysis-and-Measles-Outbreak- 2022-23.pdf."},{"key":"12950_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan 2012\u20132020 [Internet]. 2012. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44855\/9789241503396_eng.pdf"},{"key":"12950_CR6","unstructured":"CDC, Global Measles Vaccination. 2024 [cited 2024 Sep 25]. About Global Measles. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/global-measles-vaccination\/about\/index.html"},{"key":"12950_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Immunization coverage [Internet] [cited 2024 Sep 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/immunization-coverage"},{"issue":"40","key":"12950_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.013","volume":"31","author":"A Sadaf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sadaf A, Richards JL, Glanz J, Salmon DA, Omer SB. A systematic review of interventions for reducing parental vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine. 2013;31(40):4293\u2013304.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"12950_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Strategic plan for measles elimination and rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control in the South-East Asia Region, 2014\u20132020 [Internet] [cited 2024 Sep 25]. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/205923"},{"key":"12950_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Measles and Rubella Elimination by 2023 [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/327923\/sea-rc72-r3- eng.pdf?sequence\u2009=\u20091&isAllowed\u2009=\u2009y."},{"key":"12950_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Review of progress and way forward on measles and rubella elimination activities in the WHO South-East Asia Region."},{"issue":"7","key":"12950_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070813","volume":"12","author":"NS Crowcroft","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crowcroft NS, Minta AA, Bolotin S, Cernuschi T, Ariyarajah A, Antoni S, et al. The Problem with Delaying Measles Elimination. Vaccines. 2024;12(7):813.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"12950_CR13","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. South-East Asia Region EPI Factsheet 2024. 2024."},{"key":"12950_CR14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Strategic plan for measles and rubella elimination in WHO South-East Asia Region: 2020\u20132024 [Internet] [cited 2024 Sep 25]. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/330356"},{"key":"12950_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. More than 1.5 Million Children Vaccinated Against Measles and Rubella in Nepal [Internet] [cited 2024 Sep 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/nepal\/news\/detail\/19-07-2023-more-than-1.5-million-children-vaccinated-against-measles-and-rubella-in-nepal"},{"key":"12950_CR16","unstructured":"Department of Health Services, Government of Nepal. Annual Report 2022\/2023 [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/dohs.gov.np\/wp-content\/uploads\/Annual_Report.pdf"},{"key":"12950_CR17","unstructured":"IA2030. Immunization Agenda 2030 [Internet] [cited 2024 Sep 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.immunizationagenda2030.org\/"},{"key":"12950_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2024.100467","volume":"18","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar S, Lennon P, Uranw S, Fielding T, Mvundura M, Drolet A, et al. Using freeze- preventive cold boxes in rural Nepal: A study of equipment performance, acceptability, system fit, and cost. Vaccine X. 2024;18:100467.","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"12950_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Immunization Preventable Diseases Database. 2022."},{"key":"12950_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanal S. Progress Toward Measles Elimination \u2014 Nepal, 2007\u20132014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Sep 25];65. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/65\/wr\/mm6508a3.htm","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6508a3"},{"issue":"8","key":"12950_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080823","volume":"12","author":"A Rachlin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rachlin A, Hampton LM, Rota PA, Mulders MN, Papania M, Goodson JL, et al. Use of Measles and Rubella Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Improve Case Detection and Targeting of Vaccinations. Vaccines. 2024;12(8):823.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"12950_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makova NC, et al. Evaluation of the measles case-based surveillance system in Kwekwe city, 2017\u20132020: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2022;42(May). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2022.42.113.31373.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.42.113.31373"},{"key":"12950_CR23","unstructured":"Khanal S, Kassem MA, Bahl S. Progress toward measles elimination in South-east Asia region, 2003\u20132020. Morbidity and mortality weekly report [Internet]. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9400531\/"},{"issue":"101758","key":"12950_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2024.101758","volume":"29","author":"MN Sylvia Gusrina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sylvia Gusrina MN, Sitaresmi S, Aryanto BS, Wiratama. Evaluation of measles-rubella control and prevention program implementation: System and community review. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2024;29(101758):2213\u20133984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2024.101758.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Global Health"},{"key":"12950_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar A, Murugan R, Donkatti S, Sharma D, Kaundal N, Avagyan T, Kumar P, Bahl S, Khanal S, Bura V. Strengthening of Vaccine-Preventable Disease (VPD) surveillance to enhance national health capacity and security: perspective from India. 2024;12(8):941. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/941","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080941"},{"key":"12950_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S295889","volume":"14","author":"FS Kalil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalil FS, Bedaso MH, Abdulle MS, Mohammed NU. Evaluation of measles surveillance systems in Ginnir district, Bale zone, southeast Ethiopia: a concurrent embedded mixed quantitative\/qualitative study. Risk Manag Healthc Pol. 2021;14:997\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RMHP.S295889.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Pol"},{"key":"12950_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alemu T, Gutema H, Legesse S, Nigussie T, Yenew Y, Gashe K. Evaluation of public health surveillance system performance in Dangila district, Northwest Ethiopia: a concurrent embedded mixed quantitative\/qualitative facility-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7724-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7724-y"},{"key":"12950_CR28","unstructured":"Kusumawardani EF, Laily SR, Sipahutar RY, Domingga M, Martini S. Evaluation of measles surveillance system in provincial health office, East Java, Indonesia. 2020. https:\/\/medic.upm.edu.my\/upload\/dokumen\/2020010214592508_MJMHS_0088.pdf"},{"key":"12950_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mremi IR, George J, Rumisha SF, Sindato C, Kimera SI, Mboera LE. Twenty years of integrated disease surveillance and response in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities for effective management of infectious disease epidemics. One Health Outlook. 2021;3(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42522-021-00052-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-021-00052-9"},{"key":"12950_CR30","volume-title":"Introduction of Measles Rubella Vaccine (Campaign and Routine Immunization). National Operational Guidelines. Government of India","author":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Introduction of Measles Rubella Vaccine (Campaign and Routine Immunization). National Operational Guidelines. Government of India. India: New Delhi; 2017. https:\/\/www.mohfw.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/195431585071489665073.pdf."}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12950-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12950-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12950-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:21:15Z","timestamp":1774884075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12950-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12950-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted from the Ethical Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) for the study (reference 240\u20132024). For the in-person interviews, a written informed consent was obtained from individuals who agreed to participate in the study and to record the interview. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. The research team oriented on the ethical aspects of the study, including the emphasis on participants\u2019 privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity both during and after the research. The voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw from the study at any time were also clearly communicated. An advance appointment was arranged from the participants with careful consideration to ensure that it does not interfere with their working hours and patient care time.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"669"}}