{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:45:38Z","timestamp":1788871538718,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women living with HIV worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In Ethiopia, this population faces a substantial burden of cervical cancer, marked by high rates of precancerous cervical lesions and low uptake of screening services. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer and identify its associated factors among women living with HIV attending referral hospitals in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia, to inform effective prevention and control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among women living with HIV who attended selected referral hospitals in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia, from August to October 2025. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire. The collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while binary logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the prevalence of cervical cancer and identify associated factors. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value of less than 0.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the total study participants, 48 (15.5%) of women living with HIV were diagnosed with cervical cancer. In the final analysis, the number of sexual partners and a history of sexually transmitted infections were found to be significantly associated with cervical cancer. Women with multiple sexual partners had higher odds of developing cervical cancer [AOR\u2009=\u20092.41; 95% CI: 1.49\u20134.07], and those with a history of sexually transmitted infections were also at increased risk [AOR\u2009=\u20092.92; 95% CI: 1.28\u20133.12].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that the overall prevalence of cervical cancer among women living with HIV attending referral hospitals in the Amhara region was high. Having multiple sexual partners and a history of sexually transmitted infections were associated with an increased likelihood of developing cervical cancer. Therefore, promoting monogamous sexual partnerships and preventing sexually transmitted infections are key strategies to protect women living with HIV from cervical cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12976-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:24:44Z","timestamp":1772252684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of cervical cancer and its associated factors among women living with HIV attending public referral hospitals in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2025, a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Muluken Belachew","family":"Mengistie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wubete Lule","family":"Ayalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simane Kefale","family":"Mengistie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayenew Sisay","family":"Gebeyehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sefefe Birhanu","family":"Tizie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashagrie Anteneh","family":"Mekonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mezigebu Lule","family":"Ayalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"12976_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teka T, et al. Magnitude and factors associated with precervical cancer among screened women in Southern Ethiopia. 2019;2019(1): p. 5049752.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5049752"},{"key":"12976_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hailemariam G, et al. Magnitude and associated factors of VIA positive test results for cervical cancer screening among refugee women aged 25\u201349 years in North Ethiopia. 2020. 20(1): p. 858.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07344-9"},{"key":"12976_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weldegebreal F, Worku TJCC. Precancerous cervical lesion among HIV-positive women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2019;26(1):p. 1073274819845872.","DOI":"10.1177\/1073274819845872"},{"key":"12976_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emru K, Abebaw T-A, Abera AJWsH. Role of awareness on cervical cancer screening uptake among HIV positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. 2021;17: p. 17455065211017041.","DOI":"10.1177\/17455065211017041"},{"key":"12976_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denny L, et al. Interventions to close the divide for women with breast and cervical cancer between low-income and middle-income countries and high-income countries. 2017;389(10071):pp. 861\u201370.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31795-0"},{"key":"12976_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu G, et al. HIV-positive women have higher risk of human papilloma virus infection, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. 2018;32(6):pp. 795\u2013808.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001765"},{"key":"12976_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly H, et al. Association of antiretroviral therapy with high-risk human papillomavirus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cervical cancer in women living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2018;5(1):pp. e45\u201358.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30149-2"},{"key":"12976_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosquera I, et al. Cancer burden and status of cancer control measures in fragile states: a comparative analysis of 31 countries. 2022;10(10):pp. e1443\u201352.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00331-X"},{"key":"12976_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesfaye D, et al. Cervical cancer screening uptake and associated factors among women living with human immunodeficiency virus in public hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia. 2023;13:p. 1249151.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1249151"},{"key":"12976_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayu H, et al. Cervical cancer screening service uptake and associated factors among age eligible women in Mekelle Zone, Northern Ethiopia, 2015: a community based study using health belief model. 2016;11(3):p. e0149908.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149908"},{"key":"12976_CR11","unstructured":"Goodwin T, et al. Current diagnosis and treatment obstetrics and gynecology. McGraw-Hill Medical; 2012."},{"key":"12976_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco E. L.J.J.o.t.N.C.I., Persistent HPV infection and cervical cancer risk: is the scientific rationale for changing the screening paradigm enough? Oxford University Press; 2010;pp. 1451\u20133.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq357"},{"key":"12976_CR13","unstructured":"Getiye DK, G.D.K., et al. Trends and spatial distributions of HIV prevalence in Ethiopia. 2019."},{"key":"12976_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stelzle D, et al. Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV. 2021;9(2):pp. e161\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30459-9"},{"key":"12976_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beas-Lozano EL, et al. Current management of cervical cancer in women living with HIV. 2024;204:p. 104519.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104519"},{"key":"12976_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayisa K, et al. Cervical cancer screening utilization and associated factors among women living with HIV in South West Ethiopia. 2025;15(1):p. 35081.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18987-8"},{"key":"12976_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hailu A, D.H.J.B.c. Mariam, Patient side cost and its predictors for cervical cancer in Ethiopia: a cross sectional hospital based study. 2013;13(1):p. 69.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-69"},{"key":"12976_CR18","first-page":"117693512110684","volume":"20","author":"M Mekuria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mekuria M, et al. Prevalence of cervical cancer and associated factors among women attended cervical cancer screening center at Gahandi Memorial Hospital. Ethiopia. 2021;20:11769351211068431.","journal-title":"Ethiopia"},{"key":"12976_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hailemariam T, et al. Prevalence of cervical cancer and associated risk factors among women attending cervical cancer screening and diagnosis center at Yirgalem General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. 2017;9(11):pp. 730\u20135.","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5956.1000500"},{"key":"12976_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. 2021;71(3):pp. 209\u201349.","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"12976_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paczesny S, et al. 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Cancer, Prevention of cervical cancer through screening using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and treatment with cryotherapy. A demonstration project in six African countries: Malawi, Madagascar, Nigeria, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, and Zambia. 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"12976_CR25","first-page":"45","volume":"8","author":"L Kafuruki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kafuruki L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV infected women at Bugando Medical Centre. Mwanza-Tanzania. 2013;8(1):45.","journal-title":"Mwanza-Tanzania"},{"key":"12976_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin C, Franceschi S, MJTLID. Clifford G. Human papillomavirus types from infection to cancer in the anus, according to sex and HIV status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2018;18(2):pp. 198\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30653-9"},{"key":"12976_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Msyamboza KP, et al. Cervical cancer screening uptake and challenges in Malawi from 2011 to 2015: retrospective cohort study. 2016;16(1):p. 806.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3530-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"12976_CR28","first-page":"114","volume":"24","author":"F Layet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Layet F, et al. Factors associated with utilization of cervical cancer screening services among HIV-positive women aged 18 to 49 years at Lira regional referral hospital. North Uganda. 2024;24(1):114.","journal-title":"North Uganda"},{"key":"12976_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pella-Saavedra P, et al. Prevalence of coinfections in a cross-sectional cohort of women screened for multiple pathogens in Peru. 2023;9(3).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14257"},{"key":"12976_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latorre-Mill\u00e1n M, et al. HPV-associated sexually transmitted infections in cervical Cancer screening: a prospective cohort study. 2025;17(2):p. 247.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020247"},{"issue":"12","key":"12976_CR31","first-page":"5549","volume":"26","author":"AJ Ray","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ray, A.J.I.J.o.M.S. Human papillomavirus and other relevant issues in cervical cancer pathogenesis. 2025;26(12):5549.","journal-title":"I J o M S"},{"key":"12976_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swase TD, et al. The impact of HPV\/HIV co-infection on immunosuppression, HPV genotype, and cervical cancer biomarkers. 2025;25(1):p. 202.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-13516-2"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12976-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12976-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12976-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:04:18Z","timestamp":1781636658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12976-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12976-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was reviewed and approved by the Review Board of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University (Reference No. RCSTTD\/441\/01\/17), and ethical clearance was obtained from the same institution. Data collection was conducted voluntarily, ensuring that all participants freely chose to take part in the study. The research was designed to uphold the respect, dignity, and autonomy of women living with HIV. Detailed information about the study objectives and procedures was provided orally to all participants, and informed consent was obtained before administering the questionnaire. This study was conducted in full compliance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The consent for publication is not applicable in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"722"}}