{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:52:20Z","timestamp":1781639540888,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, particularly in developing countries. Transmission primarily occurs through airborne aerosolized droplet nuclei.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this outbreak investigation was to describe the detection, contact screening process, follow-up, and public health response to a tuberculosis outbreak in a long-term care facility for individuals with disabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The retrospective descriptive outbreak investigation was conducted on 92 participants, including 55 care recipients and 37 staff members. Data were collected from the Public Health Management System\u2019s TB Module and field records. Age, sex, BCG scar status, TST results, comorbidities, and preventive treatment uptake were recorded. All individuals underwent monthly symptom monitoring, and presumptive cases were referred for hospital evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of four active TB cases were identified among care recipients, including one diagnosed posthumously (culture sample was collected ante-mortem). Twenty-one individuals received preventive treatment, with no subsequent TB cases in this group. One individual who did not receive preventive treatment developed TB five months later. The mean age of diagnosed cases was 34.3 years, all had comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early diagnosis, continuous monitoring, and preventive treatment were integral components of outbreak control in this setting. During follow-up, no additional TB cases were detected among contacts who received preventive treatment. These findings may inform outbreak management strategies in similar high-risk congregate settings. Continuous education for care facility staff and primary healthcare providers is essential to ensure the sustainability of TB control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-12980-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:55:40Z","timestamp":1772164540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tuberculosis outbreak investigation and contact management in a care facility for individuals with disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0837-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asuman","family":"Okur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6917-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve Bulut","family":"Ada\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"12980_CR1","unstructured":"1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2025. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/e97dd6f4-b567-4396-8680-717bac6869a9\/content"},{"key":"12980_CR2","unstructured":"2. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tuberculosis"},{"key":"12980_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trajman A, Campbell JR, Kunor T, Ruslami R, Amanullah F, Behr MA, Menzies D. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2025;405(10481):850\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02479-6. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0140673624024796.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02479-6"},{"key":"12980_CR4","unstructured":"Tuberculosis control in Turkey: 2021 report."},{"issue":"2","key":"12980_CR5","first-page":"58","volume":"3","author":"N Kalender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalender N, \u00c7i\u00e7ek HS. Not old but timeless disease: tuberculosis. Hacettepe Univ School Nurs J. 2016;3(2):58\u201367.","journal-title":"Hacettepe Univ School Nurs J"},{"key":"12980_CR6","unstructured":"National Tuberculosis Control Program. Ministry of Health Publication No: 1229, Ankara 2022."},{"key":"12980_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Multi-sectoral responsibility framework to accelerate the process of ending tuberculosis by 2030. Ankara: World Health Organization; 2021. (Ministry of Health Publication No. 1194)."},{"key":"12980_CR8","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Turkey. Tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment guide. Ankara: Ministry of Health; 2019. (Publication No. 1129)."},{"issue":"7","key":"12980_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50307.x","volume":"50","author":"K Ijaz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ijaz K, Dillaha JA, Yang Z, Cave MD, Bates JH. Unrecognized tuberculosis in a nursing home causing death with spread of tuberculosis to the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(7):1213\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"12980_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1985.tb07113.x","volume":"33","author":"JP Narain","year":"1985","unstructured":"Narain JP, Lofgren JP, Warren E, Stead WW. Epidemic tuberculosis in a nursing home: a retrospective cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33(4):258\u201363.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"23","key":"12980_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198506063122304","volume":"312","author":"WW Stead","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stead WW, Lofgren JP, Warren E, Thomas C. Tuberculosis as an endemic and nosocomial infection among the elderly in nursing homes. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(23):1483\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12980_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chitnis AS, Robsky K, Schecter GF, Westenhouse J, Barry PM. Trends in tuberculosis cases among nursing home residents, California, 2000 to 2009. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(6):1098\u2009\u2013\u2009104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.13437. Epub 2015 Jun 11. PMID: 26096384.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13437"},{"key":"12980_CR13","unstructured":"Hutton MD, Cauthen GM, Bloch AB. Results of a 29-state survey of tuberculosis in nursing homes and correctional facilities. Public Health Rep. 1993 May-Jun;108(3):305\u201314. PMID: 8497568; PMCID: PMC1403381."},{"issue":"6","key":"12980_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3763","volume":"11","author":"A Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan A, Rebhan A, Seminara D, Szerszen A. Enduring challenge of latent tuberculosis in older nursing home residents: a brief review. J Clin Med Res. 2019;11(6):385\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14740\/jocmr3763. Epub 2019 May 10. PMID: 31143304; PMCID: PMC6522238.","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12980-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12980-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12980-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:58:52Z","timestamp":1781636332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12980-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-12980-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee for Scientific Research of Giresun Training and Research Hospital, with decision number 18.09.2024\/09. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As the study has a retrospective design, this study was conducted in accordance with the Directive of Ethics Committee for Scientific Research of Giresun Training and Research Hospital. Ethics Committee for Scientific Research of Giresun Training and Research Hospital granted an exemption from obtaining informed written consent for this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. The data were obtained retrospectively, and no identifying images or personal information of the participants were included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"703"}}