{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:20:41Z","timestamp":1782404441148,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princeton Precision Health"},{"name":"IRD"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13133-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:15:28Z","timestamp":1774581328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seroprevalence of endemic and emergent coronaviruses among SARS-COV-2 patients and healthcare workers in Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Arthur","family":"Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Koffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Jessica E.","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Cauchemez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre O.","family":"Toure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Dosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahidjo","family":"Ayouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"13133_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01248-5","author":"H Qi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qi H, Liu B, Wang X, Zhang L. The humoral response and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-022-01248-5.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"13133_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108782","volume":"229","author":"K Tamminen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamminen K, Salminen M, Blazevic V. Seroprevalence and SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity of endemic coronavirus OC43 and 229E antibodies in Finnish children and adults. Clin Immunol. 2021;229:108782.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"13133_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29072-3","volume":"13","author":"Y Sayama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sayama Y, Okamoto M, Saito M, Saito-Obata M, Tamaki R, Joboco CD, et al. Seroprevalence of four endemic human coronaviruses and, reactivity and neutralization capability against SARS-CoV-2 among children in the Philippines. Sci Rep. 2023;13:2310.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13133_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.220396","volume":"28","author":"M Shah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shah M, Winn A, Dahl R, Kniss K, Silk B, Killerby M. Seasonality of Common Human Coronaviruses, United States, 2014\u20132021. Emerg Infect Disease J. 2022;28:1970.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Disease J"},{"key":"13133_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18450-4","volume":"11","author":"AT Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang AT, Garcia-Carreras B, Hitchings MDT, Yang B, Katzelnick LC, Rattigan SM, et al. A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4704.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"13133_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1083-1","volume":"26","author":"AWD Edridge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edridge AWD, Kaczorowska J, Hoste ACR, Bakker M, Klein M, Loens K, et al. Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting. Nat Med. 2020;26:1691\u20133.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"13133_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.33.3.734-737.1981","volume":"33","author":"MR Macnaughton","year":"1981","unstructured":"Macnaughton MR, Madge MH, Reed SE. Two antigenic groups of human coronaviruses detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infect Immun. 1981;33:734\u20137.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"13133_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit609","volume":"209","author":"S Agnihothram","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agnihothram S, Gopal R, Yount BL Jr, Donaldson EF, Menachery VD, Graham RL, et al. Evaluation of serologic and antigenic relationships between middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other coronaviruses to develop vaccine platforms for the rapid response to emerging coronaviruses. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:995\u20131006.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"13133_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793","volume":"368","author":"SM Kissler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science. 2020;368:860\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"13133_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1086\/430355","volume":"191","author":"X-Y Che","year":"2005","unstructured":"Che X-Y, Qiu L-W, Liao Z-Y, Wang Y-D, Wen K, Pan Y-X, et al. Antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus and human coronaviruses 229E and OC43. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:2033\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"13133_CR11","first-page":"1317","volume":"12","author":"KH Chan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan KH, Cheng VCC, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Poon LLM, Guan Y, et al. Serological responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and cross-reactivity with human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and NL63. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:1317\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"13133_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/152612","volume":"17","author":"DM Patrick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Patrick DM, Petric M, Skowronski DM, Guasparini R, Booth TF, Krajden M, et al. An Outbreak of Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection and Serological Cross-reactivity with SARS Coronavirus. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2006;17:330\u20136.","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"13133_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.12.002","volume":"61","author":"C Lehmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lehmann C, Wolf H, Xu J, Zhao Q, Shao Y, Motz M, et al. A line immunoassay utilizing recombinant nucleocapsid proteins for detection of antibodies to human coronaviruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;61:40\u20138.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"13133_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.07.002","volume":"71","author":"X Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao X, Zhou H, Wu C, Xiao Y, Ren L, Paranhos-Baccal\u00e0 G, et al. Antibody against nucleocapsid protein predicts susceptibility to human coronavirus infection. J Infect. 2015;71:599\u2013602.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"13133_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.03.015","volume":"67","author":"K-H Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan K-H, Chan JF-W, Tse H, Chen H, Lau CC-Y, Cai J-P, et al. Cross-reactive antibodies in convalescent SARS patients\u2019 sera against the emerging novel human coronavirus EMC (2012) by both immunofluorescent and neutralizing antibody tests. J Infect. 2013;67:130\u201340.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"13133_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37747-5","volume":"9","author":"SU Trivedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trivedi SU, Miao C, Sanchez JE, Caidi H, Tamin A, Haynes L, et al. Development and Evaluation of a Multiplexed Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Serum IgG Antibodies to Six Human Coronaviruses. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1390.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13133_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado7588","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ado7588","volume":"16","author":"DJ Bean","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bean DJ, Monroe J, Liang YM, Borberg E, Senussi Y, Swank Z, et al. Heterotypic immunity from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection but not COVID-19 vaccination associates with lower endemic coronavirus incidence. Sci Transl Med. 2024;16:eado7588.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"13133_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104521","volume":"129","author":"A Ayouba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayouba A, Thaurignac G, Morquin D, Tuaillon E, Raulino R, Nkuba A, et al. Multiplex detection and dynamics of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV2 and the highly pathogenic human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. J Clin Virol. 2020;129:104521.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"13133_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1208","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1803","volume":"73","author":"D Poston","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poston D, Weisblum Y, Wise H, Templeton K, Jenks S, Hatziioannou T, et al. Absence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Activity in Prepandemic Sera From Individuals With Recent Seasonal Coronavirus Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e1208\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"13133_CR20","unstructured":"Anderson EM, Goodwin EC, Verma A, Arevalo CP, Bolton MJ, Weirick ME, et al. Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection."},{"key":"13133_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-00997-6","volume":"41","author":"J Hicks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hicks J, Klumpp-Thomas C, Kalish H, Shunmugavel A, Mehalko J, Denson J-P, et al. Serologic Cross-Reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 with Endemic and Seasonal Betacoronaviruses. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41:906\u201313.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"13133_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1107","volume":"370","author":"KW Ng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ng KW, Faulkner N, Cornish GH, Rosa A, Harvey R, Hussain S, et al. Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Science. 2020;370:1339\u201343.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"13133_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagar M, Reifler K, Rossi M, Miller NS, Sinha P, White LF, et al. Recent endemic coronavirus infection is associated with less-severe COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2021;131.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143380"},{"key":"13133_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1905488","volume":"10","author":"L Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo L, Wang Y, Kang L, Hu Y, Wang L, Zhong J, et al. Cross-reactive antibody against human coronavirus OC43 spike protein correlates with disease severity in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10:664\u201376.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"13133_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110169","volume":"37","author":"PR Wratil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wratil PR, Schmacke NA, Karakoc B, Dulovic A, Junker D, Becker M, et al. Evidence for increased SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 severity related to pre-existing immunity to seasonal coronaviruses. Cell Rep. 2021;37:110169.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"13133_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22236-7","volume":"12","author":"KJ Selva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selva KJ, van de Sandt CE, Lemke MM, Lee CY, Shoffner SK, Chua BY, et al. Systems serology detects functionally distinct coronavirus antibody features in children and elderly. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2037.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"13133_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.12.005","volume":"30","author":"C-Y Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin C-Y, Wolf J, Brice DC, Sun Y, Locke M, Cherry S, et al. Pre-existing humoral immunity to human common cold coronaviruses negatively impacts the protective SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Cell Host Microbe. 2022;30:83\u2013e964.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"13133_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNaughton AL, Paton RS, Edmans M, Youngs J, Wellens J, Phalora P, et al. Fatal COVID-19 outcomes are associated with an antibody response targeting epitopes shared with endemic coronaviruses. JCI Insight. 2022;7.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.156372"},{"key":"13133_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1559","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00425-9","volume":"10","author":"D Bradshaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bradshaw D, Dorrington R, Moultrie T, Groenewald P, Moultrie H. Underestimated COVID-19 mortality in WHO African region. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10:e1559.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"13133_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100760","volume":"38","author":"R Lalaoui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lalaoui R, Bakour S, Raoult D, Verger P, Sokhna C, Devaux C, et al. What could explain the late emergence of COVID-19 in Africa? New Microbes New Infect. 2020;38:100760.","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"13133_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17241-9","volume":"12","author":"J Pedersen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pedersen J, Koumakpayi IH, Babuadze G, Baz M, Ndiaye O, Faye O, et al. Cross-reactive immunity against SARS-CoV-2\u00a0N protein in Central and West Africa precedes the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep. 2022;12:12962.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13133_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.104","volume":"102","author":"FY Tso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tso FY, Lidenge SJ, Pe\u00f1a PB, Clegg AA, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, et al. High prevalence of pre-existing serological cross-reactivity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:577\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"13133_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-023-01984-2","volume":"59","author":"EA Anoh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anoh EA, Wayoro O, Monemo P, Belarbi E, Sachse A, Wilkinson E, et al. Subregional origins of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants during the second pandemic wave in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Virus Genes. 2023;59:370\u20136.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"13133_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25598-0","volume":"12","author":"BA Mensah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mensah BA, Ndong IC, Quashie PK, Guichet E, Abuaku B, Effah-Baafi Y, et al. Population-based sero-epidemiological investigation of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Sci Rep. 2022;12:21582.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13133_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab515","volume":"74","author":"AN Nkuba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nkuba AN, Makiala SM, Guichet E, Tshiminyi PM, Bazitama YM, Yambayamba MK, et al. High prevalence of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (anti-SARS-CoV-2) antibodies after the first wave of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Results of a cross-sectional household-based survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74:882\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"13133_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofad216","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad216","volume":"10","author":"MSK Diallo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diallo MSK, Amougou-Atsama M, Ayouba A, Kpamou C, Mimbe Taze ED, Thaurignac G, et al. Large diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 after the successive epidemiological waves, including Omicron, in Guinea and Cameroon: Implications for vaccine strategies. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10:ofad216.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"13133_CR37","unstructured":"ARIACOV. Action research project in support of the African response to the covid-19 epidemic. https:\/\/en.ird.fr\/ariacov-action-research-project-support-african-response-covid-19-epidemic. Accessed 12 Jan 2026."},{"key":"13133_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231724","volume":"15","author":"F Mavrot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mavrot F, Orsel K, Hutchins W, Adams LG, Beckmen K, Blake JE, et al. Novel insights into serodiagnosis and epidemiology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a newly recognized pathogen in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0231724.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13133_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012777","volume":"21","author":"N Hoz\u00e9","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoz\u00e9 N, Pons-Salort M, Metcalf CJE, White M, Salje H, Cauchemez S. RSero: A user-friendly R package to reconstruct pathogen circulation history from seroprevalence studies. PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1012777.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"13133_CR40","first-page":"729","volume":"1","author":"S Wood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wood S, Wood MS. Package mgcv. R package version. 2015;1:729.","journal-title":"R package version"},{"key":"13133_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14253-z","volume":"15","author":"NW Enyereibe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Enyereibe NW, Ilori E, Steinhardt L, Stafford K, Dan-Nwafor C, Ochu CL, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in two states of Nigeria from a population based household survey. Sci Rep. 2025;15:29272.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13133_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcvp.2023.100156","volume":"3","author":"S Akanmu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akanmu S, Herrera BB, Chaplin B, Ogunsola S, Osibogun A, Onawoga F, et al. High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Lagos, Nigeria with robust antibody and cellular immune responses. J Clin Virol Plus. 2023;3:100156.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol Plus"},{"key":"13133_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001994","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001994","volume":"3","author":"JH Amuasi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amuasi JH, Afum-Adjei Awuah A, Obirikorang C, Adu EA, Boham EEA, Boakye AO, et al. Population-based cross-sectional seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in urban residential areas in Ghana. BMJ Public Health. 2025;3:e001994.","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"13133_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.21010\/ajid.v12i2.13","volume":"12","author":"HA Kadjo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kadjo HA, Adjogoua E, Dia N, Adagba M, Abdoulaye O, Daniel S, et al. Detection of non-influenza viruses in Acute Respiratory Infections in children under five-year-old in cote d\u2019Ivoire (January - December 2013). Afr J Infect Dis. 2018;12:78\u201388.","journal-title":"Afr J Infect Dis"},{"key":"13133_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesmes-Rodr\u00edguez LC, Lambarey H, Chetram A, Riou C, Wilkinson RJ, Joyimbana W, et al. Previous exposure to common coronavirus HCoV-NL63 is associated with reduced COVID-19 severity in patients from Cape Town, South Africa. Front Virol. 2023;3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2023.1125448"},{"key":"13133_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522733","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1522733","volume":"13","author":"BB Herrera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Herrera BB, Chaplin B, MBoup S, Abdullahi A, He M, Fisher SM, et al. Pre-pandemic cross-reactive antibody and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2 among female sex workers in Dakar, Senegal. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1522733.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"13133_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112146","volume":"15","author":"LAM Tambe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tambe LAM, Mathobo P, Munzhedzi M, Bessong PO, Mavhandu-Ramarumo LG. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of human coronaviruses in Africa prior to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A systematic review. Viruses. 2023;15:2146.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"13133_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010125","volume":"17","author":"A Karani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karani A, Ombok C, Situma S, Breiman R, Mureithi M, Jaoko W, et al. Low-level zoonotic transmission of clade C MERS-CoV in Africa: Insights from scoping review and cohort studies in hospital and community settings. Viruses. 2025;17:125.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"13133_CR49","unstructured":"Summary of probable SARS cases with onset. of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/summary-of-probable-sars-cases-with-onset-of-illness-from-1-november-2002-to-31-july-2003. Accessed 12 Jan 2026."},{"key":"13133_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","volume":"26","author":"Q-X Long","year":"2020","unstructured":"Long Q-X, Liu B-Z, Deng H-J, Wu G-C, Deng K, Chen Y-K, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26:845\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"13133_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.002","volume":"27","author":"A Grifoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grifoni A, Sidney J, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH, Peters B, Sette A. A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27:671\u2013e802.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"13133_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.03.018","volume":"194","author":"B Meyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meyer B, Drosten C, M\u00fcller MA. Serological assays for emerging coronaviruses: challenges and pitfalls. Virus Res. 2014;194:175\u201383.","journal-title":"Virus Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13133-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13133-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13133-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:04:23Z","timestamp":1778047463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13133-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13133-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authorization on August 4th 2020 from the \u201cComit\u00e9 National d\u2019Ethique (CNESVS CI)\u201d to implement the research protocol entitled \u201cProjet Immunit\u00e9 crois\u00e9e entre SARS-Co V2 et les autres coronavirus : impact \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique sur la Covid\u2009\u2212\u200919 en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire\u201d.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"904"}}