{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:31:21Z","timestamp":1777984281894,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus with nearly universal seroprevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. In people living with HIV, CMV contributes to immune activation, systemic inflammation, and accelerated immune dysfunction despite virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Data on CMV\u2013HIV co-infection remain scarce in North-East Nigeria, where fragile health systems and late presentation to care are common.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study among 181 adults with confirmed HIV receiving ART at the Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires and patient records. Serum samples were tested for CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies using ELISA. CD4\u2009+\u2009T-cell counts and HIV viral load were measured using flow cytometry and real-time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All participants (181\/181; 100%) were CMV IgG positive, confirming universal prior exposure. CMV IgM seropositivity\u2014indicating recent or ongoing infection\u2014was detected in 58 of 181 participants (32.1%). IgM-positive cases were distributed across all age groups and were more frequent among women. Patterns of IgM seropositivity across CD4\u2009+\u2009T-cell and viral load categories reflected the underlying distribution of clinical characteristics in the cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first evidence of universal CMV exposure and a substantial prevalence of recent or reactivated infection among adults with HIV on ART in North-East Nigeria. The presence of CMV IgM positivity in a clinically stable, largely virologically suppressed population highlights CMV\u2019s persistent immunologic relevance. Further research using molecular assays is warranted to clarify the role of CMV reactivation in immune dysfunction and long-term ART outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13138-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T13:14:58Z","timestamp":1774098898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus in individuals on antiretroviral therapy in a Nigerian tertiary hospital"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Baba-Ali","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4818-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Hayatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umar Mohammed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kabiru","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"13138_CR1","unstructured":"Global HIV. & AIDS statistics \u2014 Fact sheet | UNAIDS. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 9 Feb 2026."},{"key":"13138_CR2","unstructured":"Nigeria | UNAIDS. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/nigeria?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 9 Feb 2026."},{"key":"13138_CR3","unstructured":"HIV and TB Overview. Nigeria | Global HIV and TB | CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/global-hiv-tb\/php\/where-we-work\/nigeria.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 9 Feb 2026."},{"key":"13138_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1907","DOI":"10.1002\/RMV.1907","volume":"27","author":"HL Gr\u00f8nborg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8nborg HL, Jespersen S, H\u00f8nge BL, Jensen-Fangel S, Wejse C. Review of cytomegalovirus coinfection in HIV-infected individuals in Africa. Rev Med Virol. 2017;27:e1907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/RMV.1907.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"13138_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2017.0145","volume":"33","author":"A Christensen-Quick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Christensen-Quick A, Vanpouille C, Lisco A, Gianella S, Cytomegalovirus, Persistence HIV. Pouring Gas on the Fire. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2017;33:S23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/AID.2017.0145.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"13138_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12979-024-00491-8\/TABLES\/3","volume":"21","author":"AV Shete","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shete AV, Shidhaye P, Rao A, Bhawari N, Deshpande S, Sawant J, et al. Differential associations of anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies and soluble CD14 levels with immunosenescence in people living with HIV on long term antiretroviral therapy. Immun Ageing. 2024;21:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12979-024-00491-8\/TABLES\/3.","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"13138_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.4314\/AHS.V18I4.27","volume":"18","author":"A Udeze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Udeze A, Odebisi-Omokanye M, Ajileye T. Cytomegalovirus infection among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected individuals on highly active anti-retroviral therapy in North-Central Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2018;18:1057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/AHS.V18I4.27.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"13138_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szepietowski C, Moses-Otutu IM, Ojo NF, Nzoputam OJ, Nzoputam CI. Seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus infection among HIV patients in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. Venereology. 2023;2:164\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/VENEREOLOGY2040014.","DOI":"10.3390\/VENEREOLOGY2040014"},{"key":"13138_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.4172\/2254-609X.100073","volume":"6","author":"ENI Ogbonnaya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogbonnaya ENI. Prevalence of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Women Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. J Biomedical Sci. 2017;6:0\u20130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2254-609X.100073.","journal-title":"J Biomedical Sci"},{"key":"13138_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.20552","volume":"19","author":"DI Fallatah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fallatah DI, Adekola HA, Mohammed M, AlQadeeb H. Seroprevalence of IgM antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV) in HIV patients: single center study. J Infect Developing Ctries. 2025;19:608\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.20552.","journal-title":"J Infect Developing Ctries"},{"key":"13138_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-022-13971-7\/TABLES\/3","volume":"22","author":"K Fowler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fowler K, Mucha J, Neumann M, Lewandowski W, Kaczanowska M, Grys M, et al. A systematic literature review of the global seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: possible implications for treatment, screening, and vaccine development. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-022-13971-7\/TABLES\/3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13138-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13138-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13138-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:19:32Z","timestamp":1777504772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13138-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13138-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7748169\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research and Ethics Committee of the Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe, Nigeria (approval number: NHREC\/25\/10\/2013). All participants (or parents\/guardians in the case of minors) provided written informed consent prior to enrolment. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was ensured by anonymising all data. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"855"}}