{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T18:48:00Z","timestamp":1789325280887,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Somali Regional Health Bureau"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13150-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:45:21Z","timestamp":1774406721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Magnitude of Tuberculosis, drug resistance patterns and associated factors among presumptive TB patients at five selected public Hospitals, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Retrospective cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bawlah","family":"Tahir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdi","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalid","family":"Fuad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadis","family":"Mahamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niman","family":"Tayib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"13150_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2025. TB incidence 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2025\/tb-disease-burden\/1-1-tb-incidence."},{"key":"13150_CR2","unstructured":"WHO WHO. Tuberculosis 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tuberculosis."},{"key":"13150_CR3","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health E. Guidelines for clinical and programmatic management of TB, TB\/HIV, DR-TB and Leprosy in Ethiopia. 2021."},{"issue":"7","key":"13150_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaf367","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf367","volume":"12","author":"S Moga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moga S, Getahun M, Mohammed Z, Alemu A, Diriba G, Yenew B, et al. The Ethiopian Third National Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Survey Incorporating Whole Genome Sequencing. Open forum Infect Dis. 2025;12(7):ofaf367.","journal-title":"Open forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasihun AG, Hailu GG, Dejene TA. Prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rifampicin-Resistant MTB) and associated risk actors among pulmonary presumptive TB patients in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia: 2015\u20132019. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10(3):1299\u2009\u2013\u2009308.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00368-5"},{"key":"13150_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebretsadik D, Ahmed N, Kebede E, Mohammed M, Belete MA. Prevalence of tuberculosis by automated GeneXpert rifampicin assay and associated risk factors among presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Ataye District Hospital, North East Ethiopia. Infection and drug resistance. 2020:1507\u201316.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S248059"},{"issue":"3","key":"13150_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i3.2","volume":"18","author":"OA Adejumo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adejumo OA, Olusola-Faleye B, Adepoju V, Bowale A, Adesola S, Falana A, et al. Prevalence of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis patients in a secondary referral hospital in Lagos Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2018;18(3):472\u20138.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"13150_CR8","first-page":"641","volume":"23","author":"O Olatunji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olatunji O, Egbe NE, Vanstawa PA, Alhaji B, Idama D, Awanye AM, et al. Prevalence of Tuberculosis, Rifampicin resistant Tuberculosis and associated risk factors in Presumptive Tuberculosis patients attending some hospitals in Kaduna, Nigeria. Nigerian Health J. 2023;23(2):641\u201353.","journal-title":"Nigerian Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlae206","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae206","volume":"7","author":"Z Asmare","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asmare Z, Assefa A, Belay A, Mulie A, Aschil D, Gashaw Y. Prevalence and factors associated with TB among presumptive TB patients in war-affected areas of North Wollo, Ethiopia. JAC-Antimicrobial Resist. 2025;7(1):dlae206.","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrobial Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"13150_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0281","volume":"100","author":"W Muttamba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muttamba W, Kirenga B, Ssengooba W, Sekibira R, Katamba A, Joloba ML. Prevalence of Tuberculosis Risk Factors among Bacteriologically Negative and Bacteriologically Confirmed Tuberculosis Patients from Five Regional Referral Hospitals in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100(2):386\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"13150_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olalere OS, Olley M, Clement OO, Paul II. Prevalence of M. Tuberculosis and associated risk factors among suspected patients in federal medical centre Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State. Sokoto J Med Lab Sci. 2022;7(2).","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjmls.v7i2.3"},{"issue":"10","key":"13150_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0654","volume":"22","author":"T Morasert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morasert T, Worapas W, Kaewmahit R, Uphala W. Prevalence and risk factors associated with tuberculosis disease in Suratthani Central Prison, Thailand. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(10):1203\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2211-5","volume":"17","author":"D Derseh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Derseh D, Moges F, Tessema B. Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors among tuberculosis suspects attending spiritual holy water sites in Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20203001","volume":"7","author":"M Vijayageetha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vijayageetha M, Sen A, Subramanian S, Anuja M, Jha A, Arya A. Presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis and its associated factors among adult patients availing outpatient services in a tertiary care center, Puducherry, South India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020;7:2703\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"TA Duressa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duressa TA, Mersha MA, Assefa D, Klinkenberg E. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Among Prisoners in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia. Am J Nurs Health Sci. 2022;3(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Nurs Health Sci"},{"key":"13150_CR16","unstructured":"Wikepedia. Somali Region 2023. Available from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somali_Region."},{"key":"13150_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960590","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.960590","volume":"9","author":"G Worku","year":"2022","unstructured":"Worku G, Gumi B, Mohammedbirhan B, Girma M, Sileshi H, Hailu M, et al. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Somali region, eastern Ethiopia. Front Med. 2022;9:960590.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"13150_CR18","unstructured":"Arja A, Tadesse S, Agachew M, Getnet F, Beksisa J, Mohammed S, et al. The burden of tuberculosis across regions in Ethiopia: a systematic subnational analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2023;37(2)."},{"key":"13150_CR19","unstructured":"Organization.WHO WH. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis:. Module 5: Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents; 2025."},{"key":"13150_CR20","unstructured":"WHO WHO. Global Programme on Tuberculosis & Lung Health. 2025 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/diagnosis-treatment\/treatment-of-drug-resistant-tb\/types-of-tb-drug-resistance#:~:text=Rifampicin%20resistance%20(RR)%3A%20resistance,%2Dresistance%2C%20MDR%20or%20XDR"},{"key":"13150_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"W Mulu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mulu W, Abera B, Yimer M, Hailu T, Ayele H, Abate D. Rifampicin-resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis patients referred to Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"13150_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2018.06.002","volume":"12","author":"E Ejeta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ejeta E, Beyene G, Bonsa Z, Abebe G. Xpert MTB\/RIF assay for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance in high human immunodeficiency virus setting in gambella regional state, southwest ethiopia. J Clin tuberculosis other Mycobact Dis. 2018;12:14\u201320.","journal-title":"J Clin tuberculosis other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"13150_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4103\/ejcdt.ejcdt_49_19","volume":"69","author":"E Tedla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tedla E, Ayalew G, Mekonnen F. Mycobacterium tuberculosis burden, multidrug resistance pattern, and associated risk factors among presumptive extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases at Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberculosis. 2020;69(3):449\u201354.","journal-title":"Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberculosis"},{"key":"13150_CR24","first-page":"2","volume":"8","author":"JM Ramos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramos JM, Fern\u00e1ndez-Mu\u00f1oz M, Tisiano G, Fano H, Yohannes T, Gosa A, et al. Use of Xpert MTB\/RIF assay in rural health facilities in southern Ethiopia. Arch Clin Microbiol. 2017;8:2.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13150_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.11648\/j.cmr.20150403.13","volume":"4","author":"MW Hordofa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hordofa MW, Adela TB. Prevalence of Refampcin mono resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among suspected cases attending at Yirgalem hospital. Clin Med Res. 2015;4(3):75\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"13150_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zewdie O, Dabsu R, Kifle E, Befikadu D. Rifampicin-resistant multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases in selected hospitals in Western Oromia, Ethiopia: cross-sectional retrospective study. Infect Drug Resist. 2020:3699\u2013705.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S274589"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR27","first-page":"102430","volume":"2015","author":"P Shrestha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shrestha P, Arjyal A, Caws M, Prajapati KG, Karkey A, Dongol S, et al. The Application of GeneXpert MTB\/RIF for Smear-Negative TB Diagnosis as a Fee-Paying Service at a South Asian General Hospital. Tuberculosis Res Treat. 2015;2015(1):102430.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR28","first-page":"650561","volume":"2013","author":"G Aliyu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aliyu G, El-Kamary SS, Abimiku Al, Ezati N, Mosunmola I, Hungerford L, et al. Mycobacterial etiology of pulmonary tuberculosis and association with HIV infection and multidrug resistance in Northern Nigeria. Tuberculosis Res Treat. 2013;2013(1):650561.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis Res Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"13150_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4103\/phmj.phmj_11_18","volume":"12","author":"BA Denue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denue BA, Miyanacha WJ, Wudiri Z, Alkali MB, Goni BW, Akawu CB. Molecular detection of sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis\/rifampicin resistance among presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Borno state, North-Eastern Nigeria. Port Harcourt Med J. 2018;12(2):64\u20139.","journal-title":"Port Harcourt Med J"},{"key":"13150_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.5455\/2320-6012.ijrms20140898","volume":"2","author":"LA Bello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bello LA, Shittu MO, Shittu BT, Oluremi AS, Akinnuroju ON, Adekola SA. Rifampicin-monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among the patients visiting chest clinic, state specialist hospital, Akure, Nigeria. Int J Res Med Sci. 2014;2:1134\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"13150_CR31","unstructured":"Hailu AGWGG. Prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rifampicin-Resistant MTB) and associated risk actors among pulmonary presumptive TB patients in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia: 2015\u20132019. 2021."},{"key":"13150_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3943-1","volume":"19","author":"B Arega","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arega B, Menbere F, Getachew Y. Prevalence of rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among presumptive tuberculosis patients in selected governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:1\u20135.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodena D, Ataro Z, Tesfa T. Trend analysis and seasonality of tuberculosis among patients at the Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia: a Retrospective Study. Risk Manage Healthc Policy. 2019:297\u2013305.","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S228659"},{"issue":"3","key":"13150_CR34","first-page":"325","volume":"12","author":"A Yohanes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yohanes A, Abera S, Ali S. Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among suspected patients attending metehara sugar factory hospital; eastern Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12(3):325\u201330.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"13150_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demissie TA, Belayneh D. Magnitude of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and its resistance to rifampicin using Xpert-MTB\/RIF assay among presumptive tuberculosis patients at Motta General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2021:1335\u201341.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S300585"},{"key":"13150_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-133","volume":"13","author":"MP Sekadde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sekadde MP, Wobudeya E, Joloba ML, Ssengooba W, Kisembo H, Bakeera-Kitaka S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB\/RIF test for the diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis in Uganda: a cross-sectional diagnostic study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"13150_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70167-0","volume":"11","author":"MP Nicol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nicol MP, Workman L, Isaacs W, Munro J, Black F, Eley B, et al. Accuracy of the Xpert MTB\/RIF test for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children admitted to hospital in Cape Town, South Africa: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(11):819\u201324.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sah SK, Bhattarai PR, Shrestha A, Dhami D, Guruwacharya D, Shrestha R. Rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by GeneXpert MTB\/RIF and associated factors among presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Nepal. Infect Drug Resist. 2020:2911\u20139.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S263795"},{"issue":"2","key":"13150_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.16.0005","volume":"6","author":"K Charambira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charambira K, Ade S, Harries A, Ncube R, Zishiri C, Sandy C, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of TB patients with rifampicin resistance detected using Xpert\u00ae MTB\/RIF in Zimbabwe. Public health action. 2016;6(2):122\u20138.","journal-title":"Public health action"},{"key":"13150_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1933-9","volume":"15","author":"K Adane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adane K, Ameni G, Bekele S, Abebe M, Aseffa A. Prevalence and drug resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending two public hospitals in East Gojjam zone, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR41","first-page":"2923549","volume":"2019","author":"K Mehari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehari K, Asmelash T, Hailekiros H, Wubayehu T, Godefay H, Araya T, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among presumptive MDR-TB patients in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2019;2019(1):2923549.","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"13150_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farra A, Manirakiza A, Yambiyo BM, Zandanga G, Lokoti B, Berlioz-Arthaud A, et al. editors. Surveillance of rifampicin resistance with GeneXpert MTB\/RIF in the National Reference Laboratory for tuberculosis at the Institut Pasteur in Bangui, 2015\u20132017. Oxford University Press US; 2019. Open forum infectious diseases.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz075"},{"key":"13150_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB\/RIF. New microbes and new infections. 2015;8:24\u2009\u2013\u20097.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.09.001"},{"key":"13150_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araya S, Negesso AE, Tamir Z. Rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients with presumptive tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2020:3451\u20139.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S263023"},{"key":"13150_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-348","volume":"9","author":"DG Datiko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Datiko DG, Lindtj\u00f8rn B. Tuberculosis recurrence in smear-positive patients cured under DOTS in southern Ethiopia: retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:1\u20135.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"13150_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaleta KN, Gizachew M, Gelaw B, Tesfa H, Getaneh A, Biadgo B. Rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among tuberculosis-presumptive cases at University of Gondar Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. Infection and drug resistance. 2017:185\u2009\u2013\u200992.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S135935"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245304","volume":"16","author":"N Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad N, Baharom M, Aizuddin AN, Ramli R. Sex-related differences in smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: prevalence and associated factors. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(1):e0245304.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"13150_CR48","first-page":"123","volume":"4","author":"MW Borgdorff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Borgdorff MW, Nagelkerke N, Dye C, Nunn P. Gender and tuberculosis: a comparison of prevalence surveys with notification data to explore sex differences in case detection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(2):123\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08469-5","volume":"23","author":"A Meaza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meaza A, Yenew B, Amare M, Alemu A, Hailu M, Gamtesa DF, et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis and associated factors among presumptive TB refugees residing in refugee camps in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):498.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-782","volume":"13","author":"S Hirpa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hirpa S, Medhin G, Girma B, Melese M, Mekonen A, Suarez P, et al. Determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in patients who underwent first-line treatment in Addis Ababa: a case control study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"13150_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124260","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124260","volume":"10","author":"B Dhanaraj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dhanaraj B, Papanna MK, Adinarayanan S, Vedachalam C, Sundaram V, Shanmugam S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for adult pulmonary tuberculosis in a metropolitan city of South India. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0124260.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13150_CR52","unstructured":"Klayut W, Rudeeaneksin J, Srisungngam S, Bunchoo S, Bhakdeenuan P, Phetsuksiri B, et al. Detection and factors associated with tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance among presumptive patients at the Thailand-Myanmar border. 2022."},{"issue":"9","key":"13150_CR53","first-page":"1065","volume":"12","author":"W Law","year":"2008","unstructured":"Law W, Yew W, Chiu Leung C, Kam K, Tam C, Chan C, et al. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12(9):1065\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR54","unstructured":"Famuyiwa MK. Risk factors and prevalence of tuberculosis among presumptive cases of a general hospital in Nigeria. Researchgate; 2018."},{"issue":"8","key":"13150_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272459","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272459","volume":"17","author":"M Kassa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kassa M, Desta K, Ambachew R, Gebreyohannes Z, Gebreyohanns A, Zena N, et al. Magnitude of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, drug resistance and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis patients at St. Paul\u2019s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(8):e0272459.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13150_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liyew Ayalew M, Birhan Yigzaw W, Tigabu A, Gelaw Tarekegn B. Prevalence, associated risk factors and rifampicin resistance pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis among children at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2020:3863\u201372.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S277222"},{"key":"13150_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212210867","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221086725","volume":"10","author":"K Diriba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diriba K, Awulachew E. Associated risk factor of tuberculosis infection among adult patients in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med. 2022;10:20503121221086725.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"13150_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.08.013","volume":"39","author":"G Mulisa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mulisa G, Workneh T, Hordofa N, Suaudi M, Abebe G, Jarso G. Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and associated risk factors in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;39:57\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"13150_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.060640","volume":"90","author":"BJ Marais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marais BJ, Obihara CC, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Hesseling AC, Lombard C, et al. The prevalence of symptoms associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in randomly selected children from a high burden community. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(11):1166\u201370.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"13150_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egbe NE, Olatunji A, Vantsawa PA. Prevalence of tuberculosis, rifampicin resistant tuberculosis and associated risk factors in presumptive tuberculosis patients attending some hospitals in Kaduna, Nigeria. FASEB J. 2022;36.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R2347"},{"issue":"6","key":"13150_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.044255","volume":"90","author":"M Singh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Singh M, Mynak M, Kumar L, Mathew J, Jindal S. Prevalence and risk factors for transmission of infection among children in household contact with adults having pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(6):624\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"13150_CR62","first-page":"583","volume":"29","author":"A Gupta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gupta A, Mathuria JP, Singh SK, Gulati AK, Anupurba S. Antitubercular drug resistance in four healthcare facilities in North India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29(6):583.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"13150_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwadioha S, Nwokedi E, Ezema G, Eronini N, Anikwe A, Audu F, et al. Drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis in Benue, Nigeria. 2014.","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2014\/9084"},{"key":"13150_CR64","unstructured":"Ng\u2019ang\u2019a ZW, Nyang\u2019au LO, Amukoye E. Determining first line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among new and re-treatment tuberculosis\/human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Nairobi Kenya. 2015."},{"issue":"6","key":"13150_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197737","volume":"13","author":"EA Mesfin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mesfin EA, Beyene D, Tesfaye A, Admasu A, Addise D, Amare M, et al. Drug-resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and associated risk factors among multi drug-resistant tuberculosis suspected patients from Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(6):e0197737.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"01","key":"13150_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10462","volume":"13","author":"GB Gebrehiwet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gebrehiwet GB, Kahsay AG, Welekidan LN, Hagos AK, Abay GK, Hagos DG. Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Dubti Hospital, Afar, Ethiopia. J Infect Developing Ctries. 2019;13(01):21\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Developing Ctries"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR67","first-page":"753492","volume":"2014","author":"B Seyoum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seyoum B, Demissie M, Worku A, Bekele S, Aseffa A. Prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in eastern Ethiopia. Tuberculosis Res Treat. 2014;2014(1):753492.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis Res Treat"},{"key":"13150_CR68","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"R Okonkwo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Okonkwo R, Onwunzo M, Chukwuka C, Ele P, Anyabolu A, Onwurah C, et al. The use of the Gene Xpert mycobacterium tuberculosis\/Rifampicin (MTB\/Rif) assay in detection of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria. J HIV Retrovirus. 2017;3:1.","journal-title":"J HIV Retrovirus"},{"issue":"6","key":"13150_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20182039","volume":"5","author":"PB Gautam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gautam PB, Mishra A, Kumar S. Prevalence of rifampicin resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis patients in eastern Uttar Pradesh: a cross sectional study. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018;5(6):2271\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13150_CR70","first-page":"21","volume":"20","author":"T Ogaro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ogaro T, Githui W, Kikuvi G, Okari J, Wangui E, Asiko V. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr J Health Sci. 2012;20(1\u20132):21\u20137.","journal-title":"Afr J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR71","first-page":"31","volume":"1","author":"B Zewdie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zewdie B, Mohammed H. Prevalence and associated factors of multi drug resistance tuberculosis among presumptive tuberculosis patients at public health facilities in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia. Harla J Health Med Sci. 2022;1(1):31\u201343.","journal-title":"Harla J Health Med Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"13150_CR72","first-page":"1388","volume":"8","author":"G Eyob","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eyob G, Guebrexabher H, Lemma E, Wolday D, Gebeyehu M, Abate G, et al. Drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-infected and-uninfected Ethiopians and its impact on outcome after 24 months of follow-up. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(11):1388\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"13150_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4370","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004370","volume":"4","author":"M Zhao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhao M, Li X, Xu P, Shen X, Gui X, Wang L, et al. Transmission of MDR and XDR tuberculosis in Shanghai, China. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(2):e4370.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"13150_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1411.080729","volume":"14","author":"B Eker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eker B, Ortmann J, Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Muetterlein R, Centis R, et al. Multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Ger Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(11):1700\u20136.","journal-title":"Ger Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"152","key":"13150_CR75","first-page":"2161","volume":"4","author":"DM Nigus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nigus DM, Lingerew W, Beyene B, Tamiru A, Lemma M, Melaku MY. Prevalence of multi drug resistant tuberculosis among presumptive multi drug resistant tuberculosis cases in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. J Mycobac Dis. 2014;4(152):2161\u201310681000152.","journal-title":"J Mycobac Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4241-7","volume":"19","author":"W Sinshaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sinshaw W, Kebede A, Bitew A, Tesfaye E, Tadesse M, Mehamed Z, et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis, multidrug resistant tuberculosis and associated risk factors among smear negative presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:1\u201315.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"13150_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-462","volume":"5","author":"D Abate","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abate D, Taye B, Abseno M, Biadgilign S. Epidemiology of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance patterns and trends in tuberculosis referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:462.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"13150_CR78","first-page":"53","volume":"14","author":"M Metanat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Metanat M, Sharifi-Mood B, Shahreki S, Dawoudi SH. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in zahedan, southeastern iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(1):53\u20135.","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13150-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13150-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13150-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:02:27Z","timestamp":1777888947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13150-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13150-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6997913\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was obtained from Institutional Health Research Ethics Review Committee (IHRERC), Somali Regional Health Bureau. Official support letter was written to the selected Hospitals (the study area). Informed voluntary written and signed consent was obtained from the chief executive officers of the study Hospitals, and signed consent and assent could not obtained from the patients since the study was retrospective and only patients\u2019 cards and registers were used. Any information about the data was kept confidential. The study also adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"880"}}