{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:15:22Z","timestamp":1781712922930,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1K01HL140285-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01HL140285-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["U54CA272205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA272205"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["U01AI112367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI112367"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["N01-AI-85346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01-AI-85346"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["HHSN272201300022I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300022I"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1R01AI145852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI145852"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AI099628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI099628"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43-TW-001589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43-TW-001589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13189-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:04:29Z","timestamp":1775037869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 cluster one loop haplotypes and their association with malaria symptoms in Bandiagara, Mali"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Amed","family":"Ouattara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Niangaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drissa","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye K.","family":"Kone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacouba","family":"Cissoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bourema","family":"Kouriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dapa A.","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher V.","family":"Plowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ogobara K.","family":"Doumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Djimd\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Laurens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Takala-Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou A.","family":"Thera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"13189_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report 2024. Report. World Health Organization, (GMP) GMP; 2024 December 11 2024. Report No.: Contract No.: 978-92-4-010444-0."},{"key":"13189_CR2","unstructured":"Organization WH. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. World Health Organization; 2022."},{"issue":"12","key":"13189_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01065-7","volume":"22","author":"PE Duffy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duffy PE, Gorres JP, Healy SA, Fried M. Malaria vaccines: a new era of prevention and control. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22(12):756\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-024-01065-7. Epub 20240718.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13189_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1669415","volume":"16","author":"MB Laurens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laurens MB. RTS,S\/AS01 vaccine (Mosquirix): an overview. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(3):480\u20139. Epub 2019\/09\/24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2019.1669415. PubMed PMID: 31545128; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7227679.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"13189_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00943-0","author":"MS Datoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Datoo MS, Natama MH, Some A, Traore O, Rouamba T, Bellamy D, et al. Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00943-0. PubMed PMID: 33964223. Epub 2021\/05\/09.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10426","key":"13189_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02511-4","volume":"403","author":"MS Datoo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Datoo MS, Dicko A, Tinto H, Ouedraogo JB, Hamaluba M, Olotu A, et al. Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21\/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024;403(10426):533\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02511-4. Epub 20240201.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"13189_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012309","volume":"20","author":"AJ Laurenson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laurenson AJ, Laurens MB. A new landscape for malaria vaccine development. PLoS Pathog. 2024;20(6):e1012309. Epub 20240627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012309. PubMed PMID: 38935630; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC11210751.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"13189_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92974-7","volume":"11","author":"NT Ventimiglia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ventimiglia NT, Stucke EM, Coulibaly D, Berry AA, Lyke KE, Laurens MB, et al. Malian adults maintain serologic responses to virulent PfEMP1s amid seasonal patterns of fluctuation. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):14401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-92974-7. Epub 20210713.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"13189_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.075","volume":"22","author":"G Zanghi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zanghi G, Vembar SS, Baumgarten S, Ding S, Guizetti J, Bryant JM, et al. A Specific PfEMP1 Is Expressed in P. falciparum Sporozoites and Plays a Role in Hepatocyte Infection. Cell Rep. 2018;22(11):2951\u201363. PubMed PMID: 29539423; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5863040.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"13189_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyriacou HM, Stone GN, Challis RJ, Raza A, Lyke KE, Thera MA, et al. Differential var gene transcription in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients with cerebral malaria compared to hyperparasitaemia. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2006;150(2):211\u20138. S0166-6851(06)00251-9 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.08.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.08.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"13189_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.613","volume":"54","author":"C Rogier","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rogier C, Commenges D, Trape JF. Evidence for an age-dependent pyrogenic threshold of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in highly endemic populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;54(6):613\u20139. .613. PubMed PMID: 8686780.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"13189_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Obeng-Adjei N, Larremore DB, Turner L, Ongoiba A, Li S, Doumbo S, et al. Longitudinal analysis of naturally acquired PfEMP1 CIDR domain variant antibodies identifies associations with malaria protection. JCI Insight. 2020;5(12). Epub 20200618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.137262. PubMed PMID: 32427581; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7406271.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137262"},{"key":"13189_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otto TD, Assefa SA, Bohme U, Sanders MJ, Kwiatkowski D, Pf3k c, et al. Evolutionary analysis of the most polymorphic gene family in falciparum malaria. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:193. Epub 20191203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15590.1. PubMed PMID: 32055709; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7001760.","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15590.1"},{"issue":"26","key":"13189_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120455109","volume":"109","author":"T Lavstsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lavstsen T, Turner L, Saguti F, Magistrado P, Rask TS, Jespersen JS, et al. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 domain cassettes 8 and 13 are associated with severe malaria in children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(26):E1791\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1120455109. Epub 20120522.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"13189_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.987-995.2004","volume":"11","author":"MU Ferreira","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferreira MU, da Silva Nunes M, Wunderlich G. Antigenic diversity and immune evasion by malaria parasites. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004;11(6):987\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.987-995.2004. PubMed PMID: 15539495; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC524792.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"13189_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74627","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074627","volume":"8","author":"DL Hill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hill DL, Eriksson EM, Li Wai Suen CS, Chiu CY, Ryg-Cornejo V, Robinson LJ, et al. Opsonising antibodies to P. falciparum merozoites associated with immunity to clinical malaria. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e74627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0074627. Epub 20130909.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13189_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osier FH, Mackinnon MJ, Crosnier C, Fegan G, Kamuyu G, Wanaguru M, et al. New antigens for a multicomponent blood-stage malaria vaccine. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(247):247ra102. doi: 6\/247\/247ra102 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008705.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008705"},{"issue":"9","key":"13189_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv224","volume":"212","author":"AE Dent","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dent AE, Nakajima R, Liang L, Baum E, Moormann AM, Sumba PO, et al. Plasmodium falciparum Protein Microarray Antibody Profiles Correlate With Protection From Symptomatic Malaria in Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(9):1429\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv224. Epub 20150415.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"35","key":"13189_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.06.035","volume":"38","author":"A Ouattara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ouattara A, Niangaly A, Adams M, Coulibaly D, Kone AK, Traore K, et al. Epitope-based sieve analysis of Plasmodium falciparum sequences from a FMP2.1\/AS02A vaccine trial is consistent with differential vaccine efficacy against immunologically relevant AMA1 variants. Vaccine. 2020;38(35):5700\u20136. PubMed PMID: 32571720; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7375901.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"13189_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ouattara A, Takala-Harrison S, Thera MA, Coulibaly D, Niangaly A, Saye R, et al. Molecular basis of allele-specific efficacy of a blood-stage malaria vaccine: vaccine development implications. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(3):511\u20139. doi: jis709 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jis709.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis709"},{"issue":"21","key":"13189_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505819","volume":"373","author":"DE Neafsey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neafsey DE, Juraska M, Bedford T, Benkeser D, Valim C, Griggs A, et al. Genetic Diversity and Protective Efficacy of the RTS,S\/AS01 Malaria Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(21):2025\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1505819. [doi].","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"13189_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s12539-013-0025-8","volume":"6","author":"T Qidwai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qidwai T, Jamal F, Singh S. Exploring putative molecular mechanisms of human pyruvate kinase enzyme deficiency and its role in resistance against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Interdiscip Sci. 2014;6(2):158\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12539-013-0025-8. Epub 20140617.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"13189_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgae325","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae325","volume":"3","author":"J Nideffer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nideffer J, Ty M, Donato M, John R, Kajubi R, Ji X, et al. Clinical immunity to malaria involves epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. PNAS Nexus. 2024;3(8):pgae325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae325. Epub 20240806.","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"2","key":"13189_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1563","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001563","volume":"3","author":"A Dicko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dicko A, Sagara I, Ellis RD, Miura K, Guindo O, Kamate B, et al. Phase 1 study of a combination AMA1 blood stage malaria vaccine in Malian children. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(2):e1563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0001563.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"13189_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008115","volume":"365","author":"MA Thera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Coulibaly D, Laurens MB, Ouattara A, Kone AK, et al. A field trial to assess a blood-stage malaria vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):1004\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1008115.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13189_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chesne-Seck ML, Pizarro JC, Vulliez-Le NB, Collins CR, Blackman MJ, Faber BW, et al. Structural comparison of apical membrane antigen 1 orthologues and paralogues in apicomplexan parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2005;144(1):55\u201367. doi: S0166-6851(05)00223-9 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.07.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.07.007"},{"issue":"5720","key":"13189_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107449","volume":"308","author":"JC Pizarro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pizarro JC, Vulliez-Le NB, Chesne-Seck ML, Collins CR, Withers-Martinez C, Hackett F, et al. Crystal structure of the malaria vaccine candidate apical membrane antigen 1. Science. 2005;308(5720):408\u201311. doi: 1107449 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1107449.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"30","key":"13189_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12488","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701464104","volume":"104","author":"S Dutta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dutta S, Lee SY, Batchelor AH, Lanar DE. Structural basis of antigenic escape of a malaria vaccine candidate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(30):12488\u201393. doi: 0701464104 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0701464104.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"13189_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2ra5","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000257","volume":"1","author":"SL Takala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Takala SL, Coulibaly D, Thera MA, Batchelor AH, Cummings MP, Escalante AA, et al. Extreme polymorphism in a vaccine antigen and risk of clinical malaria: implications for vaccine development. Sci Transl Med. 2009;1(2):2ra5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000257. PubMed PMID: 20165550; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2822345.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"13189_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.604","volume":"67","author":"D Coulibaly","year":"2002","unstructured":"Coulibaly D, Diallo DA, Thera MA, Dicko A, Guindo AB, Kone AK, et al. Impact of preseason treatment on incidence of falciparum malaria and parasite density at a site for testing malaria vaccines in Bandiagara, Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67(6):604\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"13189_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ouattara A, Mu J, Takala-Harrison S, Saye R, Sagara I, Dicko, A et al. Lack of allele-specific efficacy of a bivalent AMA1 malaria vaccine. Malar J. 2010;9:175. 1475-2875-9-175 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-9-175.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-175"},{"issue":"12","key":"13189_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003840","volume":"9","author":"S Dutta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dutta S, Dlugosz LS, Drew DR, Ge X, Ababacar D, Rovira YI, et al. Overcoming antigenic diversity by enhancing the immunogenicity of conserved epitopes on the malaria vaccine candidate apical membrane antigen-1. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(12):e1003840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003840. PPATHOGENS-D-13-00544 [pii].","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"13189_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00866-09","volume":"78","author":"S Dutta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dutta S, Dlugosz LS, Clayton JW, Pool CD, Haynes JD, Gasser RA III, et al. Alanine mutagenesis of the primary antigenic escape residue cluster, c1, of apical membrane antigen 1. Infect Immun. 2010;78(2):661\u201371. doi: IAI.00866-09 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00866-09 [doi].","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"13189_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu954","volume":"60","author":"A Ouattara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ouattara A, Laurens MB. Vaccines against malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(6):930\u20136. doi: ciu954 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciu954 [doi].","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"13189_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8138","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008138","volume":"4","author":"S Dutta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dutta S, Sullivan JS, Grady KK, Haynes JD, Komisar J, Batchelor AH, et al. High antibody titer against apical membrane antigen-1 is required to protect against malaria in the Aotus model. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(12):e8138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0008138.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13189_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takala SL, Escalante AA, Branch OH, Kariuki S, Biswas S, Chaiyaroj SC, et al. Genetic diversity in the Block 2 region of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum: additional complexity and selection and convergence in fragment size polymorphism. Infect Genet Evol. 2006;6(5):417\u201324. doi: S1567-1348(06)00027-X [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.01.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.01.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"13189_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2ra5","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000257","volume":"1","author":"SL Takala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Takala SL, Coulibaly D, Thera MA, Batchelor AH, Cummings MP, Escalante AA, et al. Extreme polymorphism in a vaccine antigen and risk of clinical malaria: implications for vaccine development. Sci Transl Med. 2009;1(2):2ra5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000257.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"13189_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2215-7","volume":"17","author":"JM Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang JM, Lee J, Moe M, Jun H, Le HG, Kim TI, et al. Population genetic structure and natural selection of Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 in Myanmar isolates. Malar J. 2018;17(1):71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-018-2215-7. Epub 20180207.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"13189_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04081-1","volume":"21","author":"T Nirmolia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nirmolia T, Ahmed MA, Sathishkumar V, Sarma NP, Bhattacharyya DR, Mohapatra PK, et al. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 antigen from the Northeast Indian state of Tripura and comparison with global sequences: implications for vaccine development. Malar J. 2022;21(1):62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-022-04081-1. Epub 20220222.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"13189_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(99)90324-3","volume":"93","author":"I Felger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Felger I, Smith T, Edoh D, Kitua A, Alonso P, Tanner M, et al. Multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzanian infants. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93(Suppl 1):29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0035-9203(99)90324-3. PubMed PMID: 10450423.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"13189_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takala SL, Coulibaly D, Thera MA, Dicko A, Smith DL, Guindo AB, et al. Dynamics of polymorphism in a malaria vaccine antigen at a vaccine-testing site in Mali. PLoS Med. 2007;4(3):e93. doi: 06-PLME-RA-0732R2 [pii];https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040093.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040093"},{"issue":"7","key":"13189_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008577","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008577","volume":"17","author":"AOB Whitlock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Whitlock AOB, Juliano JJ, Mideo N. Immune selection suppresses the emergence of drug resistance in malaria parasites but facilitates its spread. PLoS Comput Biol. 2021;17(7):e1008577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008577. Epub 20210719.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13189_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1096","volume":"81","author":"F Engelbrecht","year":"1995","unstructured":"Engelbrecht F, Felger I, Genton B, Alpers M, Beck HP. Plasmodium falciparum: malaria morbidity is associated with specific merozoite surface antigen 2 genotypes. Exp Parasitol. 1995;81(1):90\u20136. 1995.1096. PubMed PMID: 7628572.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"13189_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008162","volume":"123","author":"A Ofosu-Okyere","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ofosu-Okyere A, Mackinnon MJ, Sowa MP, Koram KA, Nkrumah F, Osei YD, et al. Novel Plasmodium falciparum clones and rising clone multiplicities are associated with the increase in malaria morbidity in Ghanaian children during the transition into the high transmission season. Parasitology. 2001;123(Pt 2):113\u201323. PubMed PMID: 11510676.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13189_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(96)90446-0","volume":"90","author":"F Robert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robert F, Ntoumi F, Angel G, Candito D, Rogier C, Fandeur T, et al. Extensive genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from patients with severe malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90(6):704\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0035-9203(96)90446-0. PubMed PMID: 9015525.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"13189_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2003.03974.x","volume":"52","author":"J Healer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Healer J, Murphy V, Hodder AN, Masciantonio R, Gemmill AW, Anders RF, et al. Allelic polymorphisms in apical membrane antigen-1 are responsible for evasion of antibody-mediated inhibition in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol. 2004;52(1):159\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2003.03974.x. MMI3974 [pii].","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13189_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07572.x","volume":"80","author":"CA Comeaux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Comeaux CA, Coleman BI, Bei AK, Whitehurst N, Duraisingh MT. Functional analysis of epigenetic regulation of tandem RhopH1\/clag genes reveals a role in Plasmodium falciparum growth. Mol Microbiol. 2011;80(2):378\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07572.x.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13189_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2905-9","volume":"18","author":"EM Stucke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stucke EM, Niangaly A, Berry AA, Bailey JA, Coulibaly D, Ouattara A, et al. Serologic responses to the PfEMP1 DBL-CIDR head structure may be a better indicator of malaria exposure than those to the DBL-alpha tag. Malar J. 2019;18(1):273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-019-2905-9. Epub 2019\/08\/15.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"4","key":"13189_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v17i4.1042","volume":"17","author":"B Shrestha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shrestha B, Dunn L. The Declaration of Helsinki on Medical Research involving Human Subjects: A Review of Seventh Revision. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2020;17(4):548\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33314\/jnhrc.v17i4.1042. Epub 20200121.","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13189-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13189-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13189-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:43:41Z","timestamp":1778625821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13189-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13189-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The original study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the University of Mali (Reference No. FWA#00001769) and the Institutional Review Board of the University of Maryland (Assurance of Compliance No. M1174-01NR). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the 2018 Declaration of Helsinki [\n                      \n                      ] and study participants provided informed consent for the use of genetic data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"933"}}