{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T01:09:23Z","timestamp":1779412163652,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012395","name":"Canadian Immunization Research Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRN#151944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRN#151944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13244-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T15:55:56Z","timestamp":1775836556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serotype-specific pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness in Canadian children: an indirect cohort study using Bayesian hierarchical modeling of multisite data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Deceuninck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Brousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"McGeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Naus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Kellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Sell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Sadarangani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-3096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"De Wals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"13244_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.10.929","volume":"54","author":"JR Catterall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Catterall JR, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Thorax. 1999;54:929\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.54.10.929.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"13244_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79838-7_2","volume-title":"Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children","author":"VC Antao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Antao VC, Hausdorff WP. Global Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Disease\u2014New Prospects for Vaccine Control. In: Finn A, Curtis N, Pollard AJ, editors. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children. New York, NY: Springer US; 2009. pp. 19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-79838-7_2."},{"key":"13244_CR3","first-page":"85","volume":":94","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants and children under 5 years of age: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2019;:94:85\u2013104.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"13244_CR4","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Pneumococcal vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide. 2025. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines\/page-16-pneumococcal-vaccine.html. Accessed 13 Aug 2025."},{"key":"13244_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70822-9","volume":"14","author":"NJ Andrews","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Burbidge P, Pearce E, Roalfe L, Zancolli M, et al. Serotype-specific effectiveness and correlates of protection for the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a postlicensure indirect cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:839\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70822-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"13244_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.05.011","volume":"40","author":"C Savulescu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Savulescu C, Krizova P, Valentiner-Branth P, Ladhani S, Rinta-Kokko H, Levy C, et al. Effectiveness of 10 and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines against invasive pneumococcal disease in European children: SpIDnet observational multicentre study. Vaccine. 2022;40:3963\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.05.011.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"13244_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hox J, Moerbeek M, van de Schoot R. Multilevel analysis: techniques and applications, Third Edition. 3rd edition. New York: Routledge; 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315650982","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315650982"},{"key":"13244_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-019-0046-9","volume":"3","author":"L Wynants","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wynants L, Kent DM, Timmerman D, Lundquist CM, Van Calster B. Untapped potential of multicenter studies: a review of cardiovascular risk prediction models revealed inappropriate analyses and wide variation in reporting. Diagn Progn Res. 2019;3:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41512-019-0046-9.","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"key":"13244_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.071","volume":"37","author":"N Andrews","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrews N, Kent A, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Sheppard C, Fry N, Ramsay M, et al. Effectiveness of the seven-valent and thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in England: The indirect cohort design, 2006\u20132018. Vaccine. 2019;37:4491\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.071.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"13244_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greenland S, Mansournia MA, Altman DG. Sparse data bias: a problem hiding in plain sight. BMJ. 2016;352:i1981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i1981.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i"},{"key":"13244_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"13244_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0531-9","volume":"18","author":"I Bakbergenuly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bakbergenuly I, Kulinskaya E. Meta-analysis of binary outcomes via generalized linear mixed models: a simulation study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18:70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0531-9.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"13244_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gelman A, Carlin JB, Stern HS, Dunson DB, Vehtari A, Rubin DB. Bayesian Data Analysis. 3rd edition. New York: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/b16018","DOI":"10.1201\/b16018"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"13244_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.035","volume":"28","author":"SJ Ismail","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ismail SJ, Langley JM, Harris TM, Warshawsky BF, Desai S, FarhangMehr M. Canada\u2019s National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI): evidence-based decision-making on vaccines and immunization. Vaccine. 2010;28(Suppl 1):A58\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.035.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"13244_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v50i05a02","volume":"50","author":"A Griffith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Griffith A, Golden AR, Lefebvre B, McGeer A, Tyrrell GJ, Zhanel GG, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance in Canada, 2021\u20132022. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2024;50:121\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14745\/ccdr.v50i05a02.","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"13244_CR16","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Provincial and territorial routine and catch-up vaccination schedule for infants and children in Canada. Updated. January 2025. 2025."},{"key":"13244_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v48i09a04","volume":"48","author":"A Golden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Golden A, Griffith A, Demczuk W, Lefebvre B, McGeer A, Tyrrell G, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance in Canada, 2020. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2022;48:396\u2013406.","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"13244_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198009043031003","volume":"303","author":"CV Broome","year":"1980","unstructured":"Broome CV, Facklam RR, Fraser DW. Pneumococcal disease after pneumococcal vaccination: an alternative method to estimate the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:549\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM198009043031003.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13244_CR19","unstructured":"Stan Development Team. Stan modeling language user\u2019s guide and reference manual, Version 2.36. 2024."},{"key":"13244_CR20","unstructured":"Gabry J, \u010ce\u0161novar R, Johnson A, Bronder S. cmdstanr: R Interface to CmdStan. R package version 0.9.0. 2025."},{"key":"13244_CR21","unstructured":"Stan Development team. Prior choice recommendation. 2025."},{"key":"13244_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-016-9696-4","volume":"27","author":"A Vehtari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vehtari A, Gelman A, Gabry J. Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC. Stat Comput. 2017;27:1413\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11222-016-9696-4.","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"key":"13244_CR23","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2025."},{"key":"13244_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00438-8","volume":"22","author":"TD Swarthout","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swarthout TD, Henrion MYR, Thindwa D, Meiring JE, Mbewe M, Kalizang\u2019Oma A, et al. Waning of antibody levels induced by a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, using a 3\u2008+\u20080 schedule, within the first year of life among children younger than 5 years in Blantyre, Malawi: an observational, population-level, serosurveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:1737\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00438-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"13244_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00665-0","volume":"25","author":"JC Bennett","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bennett JC, Deloria Knoll M, Kagucia EW, Garcia Quesada M, Zeger SL, Hetrich MK, et al. Global impact of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease in all ages (the PSERENADE project): a global surveillance analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025;25:457\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00665-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"13244_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.017","volume":"30","author":"G De Serres","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Serres G, Pilishvili T, Link-Gelles R, Reingold A, Gershman K, Petit S, et al. Use of surveillance data to estimate the effectiveness of the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in children less than 5 years of age over a 9 year period. Vaccine. 2012;30:4067\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.017.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"13244_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McElreath R. Statistical rethinking: a bayesian course with examples in R and STAN. 2nd edition. New York: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780429029608","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429029608"},{"key":"13244_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10543-z","volume":"21","author":"ML Jackson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jackson ML, Ferdinands J, Nowalk MP, Zimmerman RK, Kieke B, Gaglani M, et al. Differences between Frequentist and Bayesian inference in routine surveillance for influenza vaccine effectiveness: a test-negative case-control study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10543-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"13244_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20210089","volume":"33","author":"M Gosho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gosho M, Ohigashi T, Nagashima K, Ito Y, Maruo K. Bias in Odds Ratios From Logistic Regression Methods With Sparse Data Sets. J Epidemiol. 2023;33:265\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.JE20210089.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"13244_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00059.x","volume":"2","author":"JB Nezlek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nezlek JB. An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling for Social and Personality Psychology. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2008;2:842\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00059.x.","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"key":"13244_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12201","volume":"10","author":"S Vasishth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vasishth S, Nicenboim B. Statistical Methods for Linguistic Research: Foundational Ideas \u2013 Part I. Lang Linguistics Compass. 2016;10:349\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lnc3.12201.","journal-title":"Lang Linguistics Compass"},{"key":"13244_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eager C, Roy J. Mixed effects models are sometimes terrible. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1701.04858","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1701.04858"},{"key":"13244_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arn145","volume":"20","author":"H Schielzeth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schielzeth H, Forstmeier W. Conclusions beyond support: overconfident estimates in mixed models. Behav Ecol. 2009;20:416\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/beheco\/arn145.","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"13244_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-10-14","volume":"10","author":"T Williamson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williamson T, Eliasziw M, Fick GH. Log-binomial models: exploring failed convergence. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2013;10:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-7622-10-14.","journal-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13244-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13244-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13244-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:14:18Z","timestamp":1779408858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13244-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13244-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the\n                      Comit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9thique de la recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec - Universit\u00e9 Laval\n                      , the University of British Columbia Research Ethics Board (REB), the University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board, and the Sinai Health Research Ethics Board. Each participating center obtained approval from its institutional Research Ethics Board before data collection. These Research Ethics Boards operate in compliance with national and international ethical guidelines, including the Canadian Tri-Council Policy Statement 2 and ICH-GCP, which reflect the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. In AB and ON, informed consent was obtained from all participants or, in the case of minors, from their parents or legal guardians, as approved by the respective Research Ethics Boards. In BC, the study was classified as minimal risk and the use of de-identified surveillance and immunization data collected by the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and the provincial immunization registry under the public health mandate was approved with a waiver of consent by the University of British Columbia Behavioural Research Ethics Board. In QC, ethics approval authorized access to nominative data on IPD cases held by the Quebec Ministry of Health. Informed consent was obtained from participants who were interviewed or, in the case of minors, from their parents or legal guardians. All case records were de-identified before transmission to the coordinating center under data-sharing agreements compliant with applicable provincial legislation and ethics board requirements.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None to declare for Zhou Z, Deceuninck G, Brousseau N, Naus M, Sell H, and De Wals P.McGeer A reports receiving funds to her institution for investigator-initiated and collaborative research with Pfizer, and receipt of honoraria for advisory boards, webinars, and data safety monitoring boards from GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, and Sanofi.Kellner J reports that the CASPER study has been supported, in part, by an unrestricted grant-in-aid from Pfizer Canada. All funds were paid to his institute, and he has not received any personal payments.Sadarangani M is supported via a salary award from the BC Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation. In the last three years, Sadarangani M has been an investigator on projects funded by GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Moderna, Pfizer, and Sanofi-Pasteur. All funds were paid to his institute, and he has not received any personal payments.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1001"}}