{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:32:58Z","timestamp":1791261178245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease","award":["202405AJ310002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202405AJ310002"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFC2300110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2300110"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82402609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13311-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T09:17:37Z","timestamp":1781515057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The clinical features, pathological assessment, and prognostic analysis of autoimmune hepatitis in Chinese persons living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Danqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiafa","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingwen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingqi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"13311_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31065","volume":"72","author":"CL Mack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mack CL, Adams D, Assis DN, Kerkar N, Manns MP, Mayo MJ, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Adults and Children: 2019 Practice Guidance and Guidelines From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020;72(2):671\u2013722.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"13311_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322362","volume":"70","author":"PJ Trivedi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trivedi PJ, Hirschfield GM. Recent advances in clinical practice: epidemiology of autoimmune liver diseases. Gut. 2021;70(10):1989\u20132003.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"13311_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102280","volume":"65","author":"JW Hahn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hahn JW, Yang HR, Moon JS, Chang JY, Lee K, Kim GA, et al. Global incidence and prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis, 1970\u20132022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;65:102280.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"35","key":"13311_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5388","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i35.5388","volume":"25","author":"R Chaiteerakij","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaiteerakij R, Sanpawat A, Avihingsanon A, Treeprasertsuk S. Autoimmune hepatitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: A case series and review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(35):5388\u2013402.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13311_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1086\/524082","volume":"46","author":"JG O\u2019Leary","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary JG, Zachary K, Misdraji J, Chung RT. De novo autoimmune hepatitis during immune reconstitution in an HIV-infected patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(1):e12\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"42","key":"13311_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2023.177","volume":"5","author":"Z Dou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dou Z, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Han M. Trends in Mortality and Prevalence of Reported HIV\/AIDS Cases - China, 2002\u20132021. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5(42):943\u20137.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"2","key":"13311_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.03.017","volume":"83","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2025","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2025;83(2):453\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13311_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0329-5","volume":"13","author":"B Matta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matta B, Lee TH, Patel K. Use of Non-invasive Testing to Stage Liver Fibrosis in Patients with HIV. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2016;13(5):279\u201388.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"13311_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.12.041","volume":"82","author":"MA Heneghan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heneghan MA, Lohse AW. Update in clinical science: Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2025;82(5):926\u201337.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"22","key":"13311_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003383","volume":"137","author":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Professional Group, Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association","year":"2024","unstructured":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Professional Group, Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (2024 edition). Chin Med J (Engl). 2024;137(22):2654\u201380.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"13311_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.030","volume":"63","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2015","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2015;63(4):971\u20131004.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13311_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322","volume":"48","author":"EM Hennes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hennes EM, Zeniya M, Czaja AJ, Par\u00e9s A, Dalekos GN, Krawitt EL, et al. Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2008;48(1):169\u201376.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13311_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10170-1","volume":"15","author":"G Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang G, Tanaka A, Zhao H, Jia J, Ma X, Harada K, et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidance: the diagnosis and management of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatol Int. 2021;15(2):223\u201357.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"13311_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2022.2089653","volume":"20","author":"DS Mouliou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mouliou DS. Managing Viral Emerging Infectious Diseases via current Molecular Diagnostics in the Emergency Department: the Tricky Cases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2022;20(9):1163\u20139.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"13311_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0189","volume":"27","author":"A Komori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Komori A. Recent updates on the management of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2021;27(1):58\u201369.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"13311_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lad SG, Kolhe K, Chauhan S, Gattani M, Sethiya P, Singh GK, Kiran B, Ingle M, Pandey V. AIH in HIV: A very much possible entity. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022 Sep-Oct;12(5):1388\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.05.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"13311_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1233530","volume":"29","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2009","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Special clinical challenges in autoimmune hepatitis: the elderly, males, pregnancy, mild disease, fulminant onset, and nonwhite patients. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29(3):315\u201330.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"13311_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i12.1824","volume":"13","author":"NC Chavez-Tapia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chavez-Tapia NC, Martinez-Salgado J, Granados J, Uribe M, Tellez-Avila FI. Clinical heterogeneity in autoimmune acute liver failure. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(12):1824\u20137.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"13311_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121372","volume":"12","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Vulesevic B, Vigano M, As\u2019sadiq A, Kang K, Fernandez C, et al. The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV. Vaccines (Basel). 2024;12(12):1372.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"13311_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11040132","volume":"11","author":"DS Mouliou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mouliou DS, C-Reactive Protein. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians. Diseases. 2023;11(4):132.","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"issue":"15","key":"13311_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199715000-00009","volume":"11","author":"PS Massabki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Massabki PS, Accetturi C, Nishie IA, da Silva NP, Sato EI, Andrade LE. Clinical implications of autoantibodies in HIV infection. AIDS. 1997;11(15):1845\u201350.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"13311_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6230","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006230","volume":"96","author":"L Iordache","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iordache L, Bengoufa D, Taulera O, Rami A, Lascoux-Combe C, Day N, et al. Nonorgan-specific autoantibodies in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era. Med (Baltim). 2017;96(10):e6230.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"4","key":"13311_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.001","volume":"39","author":"SG Deeks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deeks SG, Tracy R, Douek DC. Systemic effects of inflammation on health during chronic HIV infection. Immunity. 2013;39(4):633\u201345.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"13311_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7316456","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7316456","volume":"2021","author":"T Lv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lv T, Cao W, Li T. HIV-Related Immune Activation and Inflammation: Current Understanding and Strategies. J Immunol Res. 2021;2021:7316456.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13311_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.06.003","volume":"28","author":"Z Yuming","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuming Z, Ruqi T, Gershwin ME, Xiong M. Autoimmune Hepatitis: Pathophysiology. Clin Liver Dis. 2024;28(1):15\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"13311_CR26","first-page":"382","volume":"29","author":"EM Rodrigues","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues EM, Filho, Fernandes R, Susin R, Fior B. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome as a cause of autoimmune hepatitis and acute liver failure. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2017;29(3):382\u20135.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"13311_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588436","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.588436","volume":"11","author":"HK Drescher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Drescher HK, Bartsch LM, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Intrahepatic TH17\/TReg Cells in Homeostasis and Disease-It\u2019s All About the Balance. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:588436.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"13311_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.11.003","volume":"198","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yan W, Yuan W, Wang P, Huang D, Luo X, Ning Q. Treg\/Th17 imbalance is associated with poor autoimmune hepatitis prognosis. Clin Immunol. 2019;198:79\u201388.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13311_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01167-9","volume":"20","author":"WH Robinson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robinson WH, Younis S, Love ZZ, Steinman L, Lanz TV. Epstein\u2013Barr virus as a potentiator of autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024;20(11):729\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13311_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001054","volume":"145","author":"R Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan R, Liu X, Zhou S, Ning Z, Zheng H, Gao M, et al. Differential prevalence and correlates of whole blood Epstein-Barr virus DNA between HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Shanghai, China. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(11):2330\u201340.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"13311_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081743","volume":"15","author":"K Zealiyas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zealiyas K, Teshome S, Berhe N, Amogne W, Haile AF, Abate E, et al. The Burden of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Its Determinants among Adult HIV-Positive Individuals in Ethiopia. Viruses. 2023;15(8):1743.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10","key":"13311_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101891","volume":"10","author":"Z Guitton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guitton Z, Viget N, Surgers L, Cheret A, Fontier C, Deconinck L, et al. Impact and Tolerance of Immunosuppressive Treatments in Patients Living with HIV with Inflammatory or Autoimmune Diseases. Microorganisms. 2022;10(10):1891.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13311-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13311-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13311-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:10:58Z","timestamp":1787584258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13311-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13311-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yunnan Provincial Infectious Diseases Hospital (ethical approval number: 2024050). All patient samples were collected from the Yunnan Provincial Infectious Diseases Hospital, and all patients and healthy donors gave informed consent for this experiment and this study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All patients have been fully informed by Yunnan Provincial Infectious Diseases Hospital about the potential use of my medical information for academic publication. All patient consent to the anonymized use of clinical data, treatment details, and outcomes in medical publications, with all personally identifiable information removed. All patient authorize to publish and distribute the content in any format .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1546"}}