{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:11:36Z","timestamp":1784041896320,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13317-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:06:11Z","timestamp":1779105971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics of monkeypox virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13317_CR1","first-page":"3731","volume":"7","author":"Y Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Y, Mu L, Wang W. Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Signal Transduct Target Therapy. 2022;7(1):3731\u201322.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"13317_CR2","first-page":"4581","volume":"8","author":"J Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu J, Xing H, Wang C, Tang M, Wu C, Ye F, Yin L, Yang Y, Tan W, Shen L. Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Therapy. 2023;8(1):4581\u201315.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"13317_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.003","volume":"16","author":"A Karagoz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karagoz A, Tombuloglu H, Alsaeed M, Tombuloglu G, AlRubaish AA, Mahmoud A, Smajlovi\u0107 S, \u0106ordi\u0107 S, Rabaan AA, Alsuhaimi E. Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(4):531\u201341.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"13317_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2024.105662","volume":"171","author":"Y Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun Y, Nie W, Tian D, Ye Q. Human monkeypox virus: Epidemiologic review and research progress in diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Virol. 2024;171:105662.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"820","key":"13317_CR5","first-page":"614","volume":"19","author":"O Marchal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marchal O, Sottas C, Pastor D, Toutous Trellu L, Kaya G, Gaide O. Mpox (variole du singe): l\u2019\u0153il du dermatologue [Mpox (Monkeypox): from a dermatologist\u2019s point of view]. Rev Med Suisse. 2023;19(820):614\u20137.","journal-title":"Rev Med Suisse"},{"issue":"3","key":"13317_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.90a.22067","volume":"90","author":"P Sossai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sossai P, Staiti D, Cannas M, Grima P. Smallpox and monkeypox: Looking back and looking ahead. Cleve Clin J Med. 2023;90(3):141\u20134.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"13317_CR7","first-page":"e00092221","volume":"35","author":"S Elsayed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elsayed S, Bondy L, Hanage WP. Monkeypox virus infections in humans. ASM Rev J Clin Microbiol Reviews. 2022;35(4):e00092221\u201337.","journal-title":"ASM Rev J Clin Microbiol Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"13317_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6671","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030667","volume":"15","author":"C Candela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Candela C, Raccagni AR, Bruzzesi E, Bertoni C, Rizzo A, Gagliardi G, Canetti D, Gianotti N, Mileto D, Gismondo MR, Castagna A, Nozza S, Centro San Luigi (CSL) Working Group. Human monkeypox experience in a tertiary level hospital in milan, italy, between may and october 2022: epidemiological features and clinical characteristics. Viruses. 2023;15(3):6671\u201314.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"13317_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tar\u00edn-Vicente EJ, Alemany A, Agud-Dios M, Ubals M, Su\u00f1er C, Ant\u00f3n A, Arando M, Arroyo-Andr\u00e9s J, Calder\u00f3n-Lozano L, Casa\u00f1 C, Cabrera JM, Coll P, Descalzo V, Folgueira MD, Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez JN, Gil-Cruz E, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez B, Guti\u00e9rrez-Collar C, Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez \u00c1, de L\u00f3pez-Roa P Los \u00c1ngeles Mel\u00e9ndez M, Montero-Men\u00e1rguez J, Mu\u00f1oz-Gallego I, Palencia-P\u00e9rez SI, Paredes R, P\u00e9rez-Rivilla A, Pi\u00f1ana M, Prat N, Ramirez A, Rivero \u00c1, Rubio-Mu\u00f1iz CA, Vall M, Acosta-Vel\u00e1squez KS, Wang A, Galv\u00e1n-Casas C, Marks M, Ortiz-Romero PL, Mitj\u00e0 O. Clinical presentation and virological assessment of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in Spain: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet. 2022;400(10353):661-669.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01436-2"},{"key":"13317_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.01.045","volume":"129","author":"M Sihuincha Maldonado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sihuincha Maldonado M, Lucchetti AJ, Paredes Pacheco RA, Mart\u00ednez Cevallos LC, Zumaeta Saavedra EU, Ponce Zapata LR, Lizarbe Huayta FA, Matos Prado ED. Epidemiologic characteristics and clinical features of patients with monkeypox virus infection from a hospital in Peru between July and September 2022. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;129:175\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"13317_CR11","first-page":"22544071","volume":"12","author":"X Dou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dou X, Li F, Ren Z, Zhang D, Li J, Li D, Sun Y, Jin H, Li R, Li W, Zhang X, Yang Y, Jia L, Han Y, Li W, Pan Y, Tan W, Yang P, Wang Q. Clinical, epidemiological, and virological features of Mpox in Beijing, China - May 31-June 21, 2023. Emerg Microbes Infections. 2023;12(2):22544071\u201310.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infections"},{"key":"13317_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philpott D, Hughes CM, Alroy KA, Kerins JL, Pavlick J, Asbel L, Crawley A, Newman AP, Spencer H, Feldpausch A, Cogswell K, Davis KR, Chen J, Henderson T, Murphy K, Barnes M, Hopkins B, Fill MA, Mangla AT, Perella D, Barnes A, Hughes S, Griffith J, Berns AL, Milroy L, Blake H, Sievers MM, Marzan-Rodriguez M, Tori M, Black SR, Kopping E, Ruberto I, Maxted A, Sharma A, Tarter K, Jones SA, White B, Chatelain R, Russo M, Gillani S, Bornstein E, White SL, Johnson SA, Ortega E, Saathoff-Huber L, Syed A, Wills A, Anderson BJ, Oster AM, Christie A, McQuiston J, McCollum AM, Rao AK, Negr\u00f3n ME. CDC Multinational Monkeypox Response Team. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of monkeypox cases - United States, May 17-July 22, 2022. Volume 71. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(32):1018-1022.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7132e3"},{"issue":"45","key":"13317_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7145a4","volume":"71","author":"CM Kava","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kava CM, Rohraff DM, Wallace B, Mendoza-Alonzo JL, Currie DW, Munsey AE, Roth NM, Bryant-Genevier J, Kennedy JL, Weller DL, Christie A, McQuiston JH, Hicks P, Strid P, Sims E, Negron ME, Iqbal K, Ellington S, Smith DK. Epidemiologic features of the monkeypox outbreak and the public health response - united states, May 17-October 6, 2022. MMWR Morbidity Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(45):1449\u201356.","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"13317_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller MJ, Cash-Goldwasser S, Marx GE, Schrodt CA, Kimball A, Padgett K, Noe RS, McCormick DW, Wong JM, Labuda SM, Borah BF, Zulu I, Asif A, Kaur G, McNicholl JM, Kourtis A, Tadros A, Reagan-Steiner S, Ritter JM, Yu Y, Yu P, Clinton R, Parker C, Click ES, Salzer JS, McCollum AM, Petersen B, Minhaj FS, Brown E, Fischer MP, Atmar RL, DiNardo AR, Xu Y, Brown C, Goodman JC, Holloman A, Gallardo J, Siatecka H, Huffman G, Powell J, Alapat P, Sarkar P, Hanania NA, Bruck O, Brass SD, Mehta A, Dretler AW, Feldpausch A, Pavlick J, Spencer H, Ghinai I, Black SR, Hernandez-Guarin LN, Won SY, Shankaran S, Simms AT, Alarc\u00f3n J, O\u2019Shea JG, Brooks JT, McQuiston J, Honein MA, O\u2019Connor SM, Chatham-Stephens K, O\u2019Laughlin K, Rao AK, Raizes E, Gold JAW, Morris SB. CDC Severe Monkeypox Investigations Team. Severe monkeypox in hospitalized patients - United States, August 10-October 10, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(44):1412-1417.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7144e1"},{"key":"13317_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brosnan HK, Yeh KW, Jones PS, Gokhale S, Regos-Stewart D, Tran H, Poortinga K, Danza P, Fisher R, Finn LE, Foo C, Chang AH. Epidemiologic characteristics of mpox among people experiencing homelessness, Los Angeles County, California, USA, 2022. Emerg Inf Dis. 2023;29(6):1109\u20131116.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2906.230021"},{"issue":"8","key":"13317_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102494","volume":"17","author":"MC Ram\u00edrez-Soto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Soto MC, Arroyo-Hern\u00e1ndez H. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of monkeypox among people with and without HIV in Peru: a national observational study. J Infect Public Health. 2024;17(8):1024941\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"13317_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro CLP, D\u2019Oliveira CAFB, Campos \u00c9A, Carvalho LF, Pinto LA, Duffrayer KM, Magalh\u00e3es PH, Proen\u00e7a R, Cerbino Neto J, Aguilar GMO, Garcia MHO. Notified cases of mpox in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2022. Epidemiologia e Servi\u00e7os de Sa\u00fade, 2024;33:e2023899(1\u201315).","DOI":"10.1590\/s2237-96222024v33e2023899.pt"},{"issue":"9","key":"13317_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19223","volume":"37","author":"ML van Siegenbeek","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Siegenbeek ML, Jongen VW, Schouten J, Hoornenborg E, Bruisten S, Westerhuis B, Welkers MR, Vergunst CE, Prins M, van der Schim MF, de Vries HJC. Characteristics of mpox positive, versus mpox negative, and mpox unsuspected clients from the centre of sexual health, public health service of amsterdam, 20 May to 15 September 2022. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023;37(9):1891\u20136.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"13317_CR19","first-page":"1003921","volume":"17","author":"I N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2023","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez I, Garc\u00eda-Grimshaw M, Ceballos-Liceaga SE, Toledo-Salinas C, Carbajal-Sandoval G, Sosa-Laso L, Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez G, Cort\u00e9s-Alcal\u00e1 R, Torre A, Fragoso-Saavedra S, Quintero-Villegas A, L\u00f3pez-Gatell H, Reyes-Ter\u00e1n G, Vald\u00e9s-Ferrer SI. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with human monkeypox infection in Mexico: a nationwide observational study. Lancet Reg Health. 2023;17:1003921\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"13317_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.09.001","volume":"16","author":"A Zaqout","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zaqout A, Daghfal J, Munir W, Abdelmajid A, Albayat SS, Abukhattab M, Al-Maslamani MA. Clinical manifestations and outcome of Mpox infection in Qatar: An observational study during the 2022 outbreak. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(11):1802\u20135.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"13317_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20220601791","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060179","volume":"151","author":"AM Beeson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beeson AM, Haston J, McCormick DW, Reynolds M, Chatham-Stephens K, McCollum AM, Godfred-Cato S. Mpox in children and adolescents: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e20220601791\u201320.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"13317_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05848-w","volume":"168","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Chen Z. Mpox: a review of laboratory detection techniques. Arch Virol. 2023;168(8):2211\u201316.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"19","key":"13317_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21091","volume":"332","author":"BK Titanji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Titanji BK, Hazra A, Zucker J. Mpox Clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies: a review. JAMA. 2024;332(19):1652\u201362.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"13317_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e703411","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70341","volume":"29","author":"M Zandi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zandi M, Mousavi FS, Hashemnia SMR. Mpox-induced metabolic alterations. J Cell Mol Med. 2025;29(1):e703411\u20134.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"13317_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030616","volume":"15","author":"Y Zong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zong Y, Kamoi K, Zhang J, Yang M, Ohno-Matsui K. Mpox (Monkeypox) and the eye: ocular manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and vaccination. Viruses. 2023;15(3):6161\u201310.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"13317_CR26","first-page":"9","volume":"29","author":"L Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai L. Exploration of countermeasures for prevention and control of imported monkeypox at ports under the new situation. Port Health Control. 2024;29(1):9\u201312.","journal-title":"Port Health Control"},{"key":"13317_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijidoh.2024.100018","volume":"2","author":"AM De Pascali","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Pascali AM, Brandolini M, Peli L, Sambri V, Cricca M. Alessandra Scagliarini Zoonotic orthopoxviruses after smallpox eradication: A shift from crisis response to a One Health approach. IJID One Health. 2024;2:100018.","journal-title":"IJID One Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13317-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13317-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13317-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:02:19Z","timestamp":1784041339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13317-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13317-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1318"}}