{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T11:06:06Z","timestamp":1789297566104,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13372-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:56:58Z","timestamp":1778086618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Audit of antibiotic prescribing practices for pediatric pneumonia in the outpatient department: focus on amoxicillin and azithromycin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Waqar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqrar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheeraz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samina","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bela","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarrish","family":"Shabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Kashif","family":"Khaskheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heera","family":"Nand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibullah","family":"Maitlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah","family":"Unar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fareeda","family":"Bhanbhro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"13372_CR1","unstructured":"Dayib AA, Ali HN, Miad AA, Daud FI. Determinants of community-acquired pneumonia among under-five children at selected public hospitals in Jigjiga Town, Ethiopia, 2024. A facility-based unmatched case-control study."},{"issue":"1","key":"13372_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s43168-025-00428-9","volume":"19","author":"ZQ Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang ZQ, Li JY, Wang H, Fu CY, Li YL, Guo Q, Bao YW, Wu J, Liao JC, Song YQ, Li DX. Global, regional and national burden of respiratory infections among children and adolescents under 19 years of age from 1990 to 2021 and projected trends to 2040. Egypt J Bronchol. 2025;19(1):66.","journal-title":"Egypt J Bronchol"},{"issue":"9875","key":"13372_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60222-6","volume":"381","author":"CLF Walker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walker CLF, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, et al. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet. 2013;381(9875):1405\u201316.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13372_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Department of Child, Adolescent Health. Handbook IMCI: integrated management of childhood illness. World Health Organization; 2005."},{"key":"13372_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Revised WHO classification and treatment of pneumonia in children at health facilities: evidence summaries. InRevised WHO classification and treatment of pneumonia in children at health facilities: evidence summaries 2014."},{"key":"13372_CR6","volume-title":"WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Book: Practical guidance on the use of antibiotics","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Book: Practical guidance on the use of antibiotics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"key":"13372_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04096","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04096","volume":"15","author":"ZH Suhag","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suhag ZH, Pal A, Naeem M, Ahmed I, Khuwaja NA, Khakwani S, Mujtaba A, Qazi SA, Nisar YB. Outcome and management of children with chest indrawing pneumonia at primary health care settings in Pakistan: an observational cohort study. J Global Health. 2025;15:04096.","journal-title":"J Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"13372_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55020044","volume":"55","author":"S Iftikhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iftikhar S, Sarwar MR, Saqib A, Sarfraz M, Shoaib QU. Antibiotic prescribing practices and errors among hospitalized pediatric patients suffering from acute respiratory tract infections: a multicenter, cross-sectional study in Pakistan. Medicina. 2019;55(2):44.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"15","key":"13372_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","volume":"115","author":"EY Klein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klein EY, Van Boeckel TP, Martinez EM, Pant S, Gandra S, Levin SA, Goossens H, Laxminarayan R. Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115(15):E3463\u201370.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"10014","key":"13372_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","volume":"387","author":"AH Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, Guerin PJ, Piddock LJ. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 2016;387(10014):176\u201387.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"13372_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx492","volume":"73","author":"CF Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee CF, Cowling BJ, Feng S, Aso H, Wu P, Fukuda K, Seto WH. Impact of antibiotic stewardship programmes in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(4):844\u201351.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"13372_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224848","volume":"14","author":"HH Farooqui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farooqui HH, Mehta A, Selvaraj S. Outpatient antibiotic prescription rate and pattern in the private sector in India: evidence from medical audit data. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11):e0224848.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"13372_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2022.359","volume":"3","author":"S Khanal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khanal S, Acharya U, Trotter AB, Tripathi P, Koirala S, Pahari B, Acharya SP. Challenges and opportunities in the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program in Nepal. Antimicrob Stewardship Healthc Epidemiol. 2023;3(1):e58.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Stewardship Healthc Epidemiol"},{"key":"13372_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469766","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1469766","volume":"12","author":"S Sheikh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sheikh S, Saleem Z, Afzal S, Qamar MU, Raza AA, Haider Naqvi SZ, Al-Rawi MB, Godman B. Identifying targets for antibiotic stewardship interventions in pediatric patients in Punjab, Pakistan: point prevalence surveys using AWaRe guidance. Front Pead. 2025;12:1469766.","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"issue":"2","key":"13372_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55020044","volume":"55","author":"S Iftikhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iftikhar S, Sarwar MR, Saqib A, Sarfraz M, Shoaib QU. Antibiotic prescribing practices and errors among hospitalized pediatric patients suffering from acute respiratory tract infections: a multicenter, cross-sectional study in Pakistan. Medicina. 2019;55(2):44.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"9336","key":"13372_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09994-4","volume":"360","author":"Pneumonia Study Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pneumonia Study Group. Clinical efficacy of 3 days versus 5 days of oral amoxicillin for treatment of childhood pneumonia: a multicentre double-blind trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9336):835\u201341.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10014","key":"13372_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","volume":"387","author":"AH Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, Guerin PJ, Piddock LJ. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 2016;387(10014):176\u201387.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"13372_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-025-02944-5","volume":"26","author":"A Manirakiza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manirakiza A, Maru SM, Nyamu DG, Bizimana T, Nimpagaritse M. Antimicrobial prescribing patterns among pediatric outpatient encounters in primary healthcare centers in Bujumbura Mairie, Burundi. BMC Prim Care. 2025;26(1):236.","journal-title":"BMC Prim Care"},{"issue":"9805","key":"13372_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61140-9","volume":"378","author":"A Bari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bari A, Sadruddin S, Khan A, Ullah A, Lehri IA, Macleod WB, Fox MP, Thea DM, Qazi SA. Cluster Randomized Trial of Community Case Management of Severe Pneumonia with Oral Amoxicillin in Children 2\u201359 Months of Age in Haripur District, Pakistan. Lancet. 2011;378(9805):1796.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13372-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13372-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13372-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:39:30Z","timestamp":1778740770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13372-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13372-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Children\u2019s Hospital Sukkur (Reference: SICHN\/EX-006\/2025). The audit involved retrospective analysis of anonymized outpatient medical records. As this was a non-interventional quality improvement audit using routinely collected data, the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the IRB. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"957"}}