{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T02:16:20Z","timestamp":1783304180907,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-037"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-NHLHCRF-YS-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-NHLHCRF-YS-02"]}]},{"name":"\"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024ZD2503003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD2503003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13461-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T14:25:18Z","timestamp":1778336718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complementary effects of acid-fast staining, culture, and Xpert MTB\/RIF\u00ae on different respiratory tract samples in a referral center"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Siwei","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lintao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"13461_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2024. World Health Organization; 2024."},{"issue":"9","key":"13461_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0834","volume":"18","author":"AS Dharmadhikari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dharmadhikari AS, Mphahlele M, Venter K, Stoltz A, Mathebula R, Masotla T, et al. Rapid impact of effective treatment on transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(9):1019\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"13461_CR3","first-page":"1198","volume":"46","author":"L Song Yuanyuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song Yuanyuan L, Tao X, Hui Z, Hui Z, Yanlin W. Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of national reported pulmonary tuberculosis incidence, 1997\u20132023. Chin J Antituberc. 2024;46(10):1198\u2013207.","journal-title":"Chin J Antituberc"},{"issue":"8","key":"13461_CR4","first-page":"485","volume":"34","author":"L Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang L, Cheng S, Chen M, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Jiang S, et al. The fifth national tuberculosis epidemiological survey in 2010. Chin J Antituberc. 2012;34(8):485\u2013508.","journal-title":"Chin J Antituberc"},{"issue":"1","key":"13461_CR5","first-page":"80","volume":"43","author":"L Jianxiong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jianxiong L, Du Y, Shen H, Zhang G, Wu G, Lai K, et al. Influencing factors of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis delay in Guangzhou,2008\u20132018. Chin J Antituberc. 2021;43(1):80\u20136.","journal-title":"Chin J Antituberc"},{"key":"13461_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection, 3rd ed [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/376221."},{"issue":"3","key":"13461_CR7","first-page":"246","volume":"4","author":"D Walker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Walker D, McNerney R, Mwembo MK, Foster S, Tihon V, Godfrey-Faussett P. An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of the first, second and third sputum examination in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(3):246\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"13461_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0081","volume":"20","author":"P Naidoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naidoo P, Dunbar R, du Toit E, van Niekerk M, Squire SB, Beyers N, et al. Comparing laboratory costs of smear\/culture and Xpert\u00ae MTB\/RIF-based tuberculosis diagnostic algorithms. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(10):1377\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"13461_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shapiro AE, Ross JM, Yao M, Schiller I, Kohli M, Dendukuri N, et al. Xpert MTB\/RIF and Xpert ultra assays for screening for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults, irrespective of signs or symptoms. Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, editor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2021 Mar 23 [cited 2024 Oct 30];2021(3). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013694.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013694.pub2"},{"key":"13461_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TB-LAMP) for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: policy guidance [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016 [cited 2024 Oct 30]. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/249154."},{"key":"13461_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-215","volume":"6","author":"L Lawson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lawson L, Emenyonu N, Abdurrahman ST, Lawson JO, Uzoewulu GN, Sogaolu OM, et al. Comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility using solid and liquid culture in Nigeria. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:215.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"7","key":"13461_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002280","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002280","volume":"5","author":"C Oga-Omenka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oga-Omenka C, Tseja-Akinrin A, Sen P, Mac-Seing M, Agbaje A, Menzies D, et al. Factors influencing diagnosis and treatment initiation for multidrug-resistant\/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in six sub-Saharan African countries: a mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(7):e002280.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"13461_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105897","volume":"163","author":"WM Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song WM, Li YF, Liu JY, Tao NN, Liu Y, Zhang QY, et al. Drug resistance of previously treated tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus in Shandong, China. Respir Med. 2020;163:105897.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"13461_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236099","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1236099","volume":"11","author":"J Min","year":"2023","unstructured":"Min J, Kim JS, Kim HW, Ko Y, Oh JY, Jeong YJ, et al. Effects of underweight and overweight on mortality in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1236099.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"13461_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0142","volume":"107","author":"E Burhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burhan E, Karyana M, Karuniawati A, Kusmiati T, Wibisono BH, Handayani D, et al. Characteristics of Drug-sensitive and Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Cases among Adults at Tuberculosis Referral Hospitals in Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;107(5):984\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"13461_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.05.009","volume":"79","author":"P Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu P, Tang P, Song H, Zhao J, Chen H, Xue J, et al. The incremental value of bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high-burden urban setting. J Infect. 2019;79(1):24\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"13461_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-203485","volume":"68","author":"G Theron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Theron G, Peter J, Meldau R, Khalfey H, Gina P, Matinyena B, et al. Accuracy and impact of Xpert MTB\/RIF for the diagnosis of smear-negative or sputum-scarce tuberculosis using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Thorax. 2013;68(11):1043\u201351.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"13461_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847479","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.847479","volume":"13","author":"CK Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin CK, Fan HJ, Yu KL, Chang LY, Wen YF, Keng LT, et al. Effectiveness of Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Biopsy Combined With Tissue Culture for the Diagnosis of Sputum Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:847479.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13461_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4350-9","volume":"12","author":"NIP Sari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sari NIP, Mertaniasih NM, Soedarsono, Maruyama F. Application of serial tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection to active lung tuberculosis cases in Indonesia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):313.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"13461_CR20","unstructured":"Marise A, Hussey, Zayaitz A. Acid-fast stain protocols. American Society for Microbiology; 2016."},{"key":"13461_CR21","unstructured":"Xpert\u00ae MTBRIF. Instructions for Use. Cepheid; 2024."},{"key":"13461_CR22","unstructured":"Salman H, Siddiqi. Sabine R\u00fcsch-Gerdes. MGIT(TM) Procedure Manual."},{"key":"13461_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon SM, Rossman MD. Pulmonary tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5(1).","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0032-2016"},{"key":"13461_CR24","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"13461_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S284157","volume":"14","author":"Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Y, Ma Y, Liu R, Shang Y, Ma L, Huo F, et al. Diagnostic Yield of Oral Swab Testing by TB-LAMP for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:89\u201395.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"6","key":"13461_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e798","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30164-0","volume":"7","author":"A Pooran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pooran A, Theron G, Zijenah L, Chanda D, Clowes P, Mwenge L, et al. Point of care Xpert MTB\/RIF versus smear microscopy for tuberculosis diagnosis in southern African primary care clinics: a multicentre economic evaluation. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(6):e798\u2013807.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"13461_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e520","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00001-6","volume":"5","author":"YL Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie YL, Eichberg C, Hapeela N, Nakabugo E, Anyango I, Arora K, et al. Xpert MTB\/RIF Ultra versus mycobacterial growth indicator tube liquid culture for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in symptomatic adults: a diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(6):e520\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"13461_CR28","unstructured":"Political declaration on the high-level meeting on the fight against tuberculosis: advancing science, finance and innovation, and their benefits, to urgently end the global tuberculosis epidemic, in particular by ensuring equitable access to prevention, testing, treatment and care. The United Nations; 2023."},{"issue":"11","key":"13461_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad030","volume":"76","author":"E Ortiz-Brizuela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park JH, Jo KW, Shim TS, Kim SH. Diagnostic yield of post-bronchoscopy sputum for diagnosing pauci-bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):576\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890.2021.1908587","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"13461_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58459-9","volume":"10","author":"M Yamasue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali GA, Goravey W, Howady FS, Ali M, Alshurafa A, Abdalhadi AM, et al. The role of post-bronchoscopy sputum examination in screening for active tuberculosis. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;8(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8010013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13461_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ortiz-Brizuela E, Apriani L, Mukherjee T, Lachapelle-Chisholm S, Miedy M, Lan Z, et al. Assessing the diagnostic performance of new commercial interferon-\u03b3 release assays for mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2023;76(11):1989\u201399. PubMed PMID: 36688489; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10249994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad030","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad030"},{"key":"13461_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu Q, Yang X, Wen J, Tang D, Qi M, He J. Host factors associated with false negative results in an interferon\u2010\u03b3 release assay in adults with active tuberculosis. Heliyon. 2023;9(12):e22900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22900"},{"key":"13461_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sester M, Altet-Gomez N, Andersen \u00c5B, Arias-Guill\u00e9n M, Avsar K, Bakken Kran AM, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and predictive value of the QuantiFERON-TB gold plus assay for tuberculosis in immunocompromised individuals: a prospective TBnet study. Lancet Reg Health - Eur. 2025;57:101416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101416"},{"key":"13461_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamasue M, Komiya K, Usagawa Y, Umeki K, Nureki SI, Ando M, et al. Factors associated with false negative interferon-\u03b3 release assay results in patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1607. PubMed PMID: 32005930; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6994686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-58459-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58459-9"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13461-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13461-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13461-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T01:59:26Z","timestamp":1783303166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13461-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13461-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethical committee of China-Japan Friendship Hospital had reviewed the study design and granted an exemption from formal ethical approval (waiver reference number 2024-KY-096) and patient consent due to the retrospective and anonymized nature of the dataset.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1234"}}