{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:34:01Z","timestamp":1793860441384,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020B1515120055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1515120055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mathematical and Neural Dynamical Systems","award":["2024B1212010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B1212010004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13554-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T07:04:34Z","timestamp":1779433474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prognostic predictors in HIV-negative neurosyphilis: a retrospective cohort study with prospective follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Wei-Yang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Feng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Zi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Run-Xiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang-Kun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000723","volume":"45","author":"S Tuddenham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tuddenham S, Ghanem KG. Neurosyphilis: Knowledge gaps and controversies. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(3):147\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000723.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"13554_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1906228","volume":"381","author":"AH Ropper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ropper AH. Neurosyphilis. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(14):1358\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1906228.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"13554_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad437","volume":"78","author":"MM Hamill","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamill MM, Ghanem KG, Tuddenham S. State-of-the-art review: Neurosyphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;78(5):e57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad437.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0138-z","volume":"5","author":"N Kojima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kojima N, Klausner JD. An update on the global epidemiology of syphilis. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2018;5(1):24\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-018-0138-z.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"19","key":"13554_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.6620","volume":"329","author":"E Harris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harris E. Sti epidemic worsened in 2021, syphilis cases surged. JAMA. 2023;329(19):1633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.6620.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"13554_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.059","volume":"3","author":"Prevention CCfDCa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prevention CCfDCa. Reported cases and deaths of national notifiable infectious diseases - china, january, 2021. China CDC Wkly. 2021;3(9):196\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46234\/ccdcw2021.059.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000687","volume":"45","author":"A de Voux","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Voux A, Kidd S, Torrone EA. Reported cases of neurosyphilis among early syphilis cases-united states, 2009 to 2015. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(1):39\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000687.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"13554_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238617","volume":"15","author":"PS Ramachandran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramachandran PS, et al. Neurosyphilis: Still prevalent and overlooked in an at risk population. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(10):e0238617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238617.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13554_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45339","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45339","volume":"7","author":"W Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang W, et al. Late neurosyphilis and tertiary syphilis in guangdong province, china: Results from a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:45339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep45339.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"74 Suppl 2","key":"13554_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1055","volume":"74","author":"KA Workowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Workowski KA, Bachmann LH. Centers for disease control and prevention\u2019s sexually transmitted diseases infection guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(74 Suppl 2):S89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab1055.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"13554_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-012-1017-9","volume":"55","author":"M Nagappa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagappa M, et al. Neurosyphilis: Mri features and their phenotypic correlation in a cohort of 35 patients from a tertiary care university hospital. Neuroradiology. 2013;55(4):379\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-012-1017-9.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"13554_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","volume":"70","author":"KA Workowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Workowski KA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000347109","volume":"226","author":"HL Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang HL, et al. Clinical spectrum of neurosyphilis among hiv-negative patients in the modern era. Dermatology. 2013;226(2):148\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000347109.","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13554_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061603","volume":"13","author":"G Ciccarese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ciccarese G, Facciorusso A, Mastrolonardo M, Herzum A, Parodi A, Drago F. Atypical manifestations of syphilis: A 10-year retrospective study. J Clin Med. 2024;13(6):1603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13061603.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56330","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56330","volume":"16","author":"O Carranza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carranza O, Waheed S, Yousuf F. The great masquerader: Recurrent ischemic strokes secondary to meningovascular syphilis in a man with cardiovascular stroke risk factors. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e56330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.56330.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"11","key":"13554_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.07.004","volume":"27","author":"C He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He C, et al. Clinical, laboratory and brain magnetic resonance imaging (mri) characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic hiv-negative neurosyphilis patients. J Infect Chemother. 2021;27(11):1596\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.07.004.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"13554_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00183.x","volume":"16","author":"KG Ghanem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghanem KG. Review: Neurosyphilis: A historical perspective and review. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010;16(5):e157\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00183.x.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"17","key":"13554_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S279265","volume":"13","author":"JH Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao JH, et al. Clinical manifestations, fluid changes and neuroimaging alterations in patients with general paresis of the insane. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;13(17):69\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S279265.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"13554_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17073","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.73","volume":"3","author":"RW Peeling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peeling RW, Mabey D, Kamb ML, Chen XS, Radolf JD, Benzaken AS. Syphilis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.73.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"13554_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040133","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1040133","volume":"9","author":"FZ Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du FZ, Zhang X, Zhang RL, Wang QQ. Care-ns, a research strategy for neurosyphilis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:1040133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1040133.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2025.104519","volume":"29","author":"B Arns","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arns B, et al. Risk factors for neurosyphilis in hiv patients: A retrospective cohort study. Braz J Infect Dis. 2025;29(3):104519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjid.2025.104519.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"13554_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28011","volume":"10","author":"W Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li W, Sun J, Wang T, Liu Y, Zhou W, Man X. Clinical and laboratory features of neurosyphilis: A single-center, retrospective study of 402 patients. Heliyon. 2024;10(6):e28011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28011.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01177-5","volume":"28","author":"Y Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu Y, Yang L, Du J, Khan R, Liu D. Establishment of hiv-negative neurosyphilis risk score model based on logistic regression. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-023-01177-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06846-6","volume":"21","author":"W Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li W, et al. Predicting asymptomatic neurosyphilis using peripheral blood indicators. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06846-6.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"13554_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102080","volume":"62","author":"H Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou H, et al. Diagnosis of neurosyphilis in hiv-negative patients with syphilis: Development, validation, and clinical utility of a suite of machine learning models. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;62:102080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102080.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-055913","volume":"100","author":"C Alberto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alberto C, et al. Multicentric evaluation of a specific intrathecal anti-treponema pallidum igg index as a diagnostic biomarker of neurosyphilis: Results from a retro-prospective case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. 2024;100(2):63\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2023-055913.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad158","volume":"77","author":"L Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie L, et al. Serum ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase-l1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neurofilament light chain are good entry points and biomarker candidates for neurosyphilis diagnosis among patients without human immunodeficiency virus to avoid lumbar puncture. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(3):472\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad158.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"13554_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2307744","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202307744","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Large-scale proteome profiling identifies biomarkers associated with suspected neurosyphilis diagnosis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024;11(16):e2307744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202307744.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001717","volume":"50","author":"CM Marra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marra CM, Sahi SK, Tantalo LC, Zetterberg H. Serum neurofilament light in neurosyphilis: A pilot study. Sex Transm Dis. 2023;50(1):42\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001717.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz795","volume":"71","author":"SB Dunaway","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dunaway SB, Maxwell CL, Tantalo LC, Sahi SK, Marra CM. Neurosyphilis treatment outcomes after intravenous penicillin g versus intramuscular procaine penicillin plus oral probenecid. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(2):267\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz795.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94927-w","volume":"15","author":"H Guan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guan H, et al. Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio and lymphocyte to neutrophil ratio in neurosyphilis may affect the response to therapy and diagnostic efficacy. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):11980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-94927-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13554_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530447","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1530447","volume":"16","author":"W He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He W, et al. Integrated multi-biomarker panel of cxcl13, hs-crp, and wbc counts predicts outcomes in stroke neurosyphilis patients treated with hbo and tus-nmes. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1530447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1530447.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"13554_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30857-4","volume":"21","author":"T Bettuzzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bettuzzi T, et al. Ceftriaxone compared with benzylpenicillin in the treatment of neurosyphilis in france: A retrospective multicentre study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(10):1441\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30857-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3403-7","volume":"38","author":"D Ozturk-Engin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ozturk-Engin D, et al. Predictors of unfavorable outcome in neurosyphilis: Multicenter id-iri study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(1):125\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-018-3403-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"13554_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505818","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1505818","volume":"13","author":"Q Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Q, Wu W, Wang L, Huang H, Wang L. Symptomatic neurosyphilis in hiv-negative patients: A retrospective cohort study. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1505818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1505818.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"13554_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie CD, Xu SC, Zhang N, Wang W, He SS, Zheng YB. Analysis of clinical characteristics and factors affecting activities of daily living in patients with neurosyphilis. Chin J Nerv Ment Dis. 2025;51(03):135\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1002-0152.2025.03.002.","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-0152.2025.03.002"},{"key":"13554_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hook EW 3rd. Syphilis. Lancet. 2017;389(10078):1550\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32411-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32411-4"},{"issue":"8S","key":"13554_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001451","volume":"48","author":"NO Burghardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burghardt NO, Nelson LN, Tang EC, Plotzker RE, Jacobson K, Murphy RD. Neurosyphilis surveillance: Exploring the use of multiple data sources to better understand morbidity in california. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48(8S):S11\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001451.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"13554_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894841","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.894841","volume":"9","author":"FZ Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du FZ, et al. Neurosyphilis in china: A systematic review of cases from 2009\u20132021. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:894841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.894841.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"13554_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.03.019","volume":"86","author":"CCS Schnohr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schnohr CCS, et al. Neurosyphilis among people with and without hiv infection: A danish nationwide prospective, population-based cohort study 2015\u20132021. J Infect. 2023;86(5):439\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.03.019.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000079391","volume":"52","author":"MA Conde-Sendin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Conde-Sendin MA, Amela-Peris R, Aladro-Benito Y, Maroto AA. Current clinical spectrum of neurosyphilis in immunocompetent patients. Eur Neurol. 2004;52(1):29\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000079391.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01631-4","volume":"29","author":"X Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng X, Yang J, Hou Y, Shi X, Liu K. Prediction of clinical progression in nervous system diseases: Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap). Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-023-01631-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.35541\/cjd.20190808","volume":"53","author":"QQ Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang QQ. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea and genital chlamydia trachomatis infection. Chin J Dermatol. 2020;53(3):168\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35541\/cjd.20190808.","journal-title":"Chin J Dermatol"},{"key":"13554_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marra CM. Neurosyphilis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(6 Neuroinfectious Disease):1714\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CON.0000000000000250.","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000250"},{"issue":"9","key":"13554_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.9.1311","volume":"57","author":"MG Lansberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lansberg MG, Norbash AM, Marks MP, Tong DC, Moseley ME, Albers GW. Advantages of adding diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to conventional magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating acute stroke. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(9):1311\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.57.9.1311.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"13554_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027708","volume":"50","author":"JJ Warner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warner JJ, Harrington RA, Sacco RL, Elkind MSV. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2019;50(12):3331\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027708.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"13554_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001190","volume":"84","author":"TD Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh TD, Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA. The spectrum of acute encephalitis: Causes, management, and predictors of outcome. Neurology. 2015;84(4):359\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001190.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.272065155","volume":"27","author":"JG Smirniotopoulos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smirniotopoulos JG, Murphy FM, Rushing EJ, Rees JH, Schroeder JW. Patterns of contrast enhancement in the brain and meninges. Radiographics. 2007;27(2):525\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.272065155.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i3.650","volume":"12","author":"LK Mu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mu LK, Cheng LF, Ye J, Zhao MY, Wang JL. Cerebral syphilitic gumma misdiagnosed as brain abscess: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2024;12(3):650\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i3.650.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"4","key":"13554_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.31.4.464","volume":"31","author":"JG Kaplan","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kaplan JG, Sterman AB, Horoupian D, Leeds NE, Zimmerman RD, Gade R. Luetic meningitis with gumma: Clinical, radiographic, and neuropathologic features. Neurology. 1981;31(4):464\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.31.4.464.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13554_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.8089","volume":"18","author":"C Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li C, Wang SJ, Tang GC, Liu LT, Chen GX. Neuroimaging findings of cerebral syphilitic gumma. Exp Ther Med. 2019;18(6):4185\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2019.8089.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000337079.12137.89","volume":"64","author":"KM Fargen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fargen KM, Alvernia JE, Lin CS, Melgar M. Cerebral syphilitic gummata: A case presentation and analysis of 156 reported cases. Neurosurgery. 2009;64(3):568\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000337079.12137.89. discussioin 575\u2009\u2013\u2009566.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.07.023","volume":"15","author":"BS Darwish","year":"2008","unstructured":"Darwish BS, Fowler A, Ong M, Swaminothan A, Abraszko R. Intracranial syphilitic gumma resembling malignant brain tumour. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(3):308\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.07.023.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"13554_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","volume":"12","author":"JM Wardlaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wardlaw JM, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(8):822\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"13554_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.43.9.1683","volume":"43","author":"F Fazekas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fazekas F, et al. Pathologic correlates of incidental mri white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology. 1993;43(9):1683\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.43.9.1683.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"13554_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.10.967","volume":"55","author":"P Scheltens","year":"1992","unstructured":"Scheltens P, et al. Atrophy of medial temporal lobes on mri in probable alzheimer\u2019s disease and normal ageing: Diagnostic value and neuropsychological correlates. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(10):967\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.55.10.967.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"13554_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-310090","volume":"86","author":"L Harper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harper L, Barkhof F, Fox NC, Schott JM. Using visual rating to diagnose dementia: A critical evaluation of mri atrophy scales. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(11):1225\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2014-310090.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"16","key":"13554_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2192","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010788","volume":"95","author":"JG Best","year":"2020","unstructured":"Best JG, et al. Association of enlarged perivascular spaces and anticoagulant-related intracranial hemorrhage. Neurology. 2020;95(16):e2192\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010788.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13554_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1942.02290060069004","volume":"47","author":"WA Evans","year":"1942","unstructured":"Evans WA. An encephalographic ratio for estimating ventricular enlargement and cerebral atrophy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1942;47(6):931\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"13554_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.19.5.604","volume":"19","author":"JC van Swieten","year":"1988","unstructured":"van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 1988;19(5):604\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.19.5.604.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","volume":"9","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179\u201386.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329170002691x","volume":"24","author":"AF Jorm","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jorm AF. A short form of the informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (iqcode): Development and cross-validation. Psychol Med. 1994;24(1):145\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003329170002691x.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"13554_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700005742","volume":"19","author":"AF Jorm","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (iqcode): Socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med. 1989;19(4):1015\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291700005742.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"13554_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2973-0","volume":"36","author":"H Erdem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erdem H, et al. The burden and epidemiology of community-acquired central nervous system infections: A multinational study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(9):1595\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-017-2973-0.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13554_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000493866","volume":"80","author":"ML Tong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tong ML, et al. Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics of general paresis and non-neurosyphilis dementia. Eur Neurol. 2018;80(1\u20132):82\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000493866.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.2.191","volume":"43","author":"S Pogacar","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pogacar S. Dementia paralytica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980;43(2):191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.43.2.191.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"13554_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16060120","volume":"16","author":"A Fadel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fadel A, et al. Mechanisms of neurosyphilis-induced dementia: Insights into pathophysiology. Neurol Int. 2024;16(6):1653\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint16060120.","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4582-2","volume":"19","author":"Y Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu Y, et al. Clinical prediction and diagnosis of neurosyphilis in hiv-negative patients: A case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4582-2.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"13554_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5377","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S371446","volume":"9","author":"Y Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge Y, Gou X, Dong X, Peng Y, Yang F. Cerebrospinal fluid changes and clinical features of neurosyphilis compared with latent syphilis infection in the central nervous system: A cross-sectional study. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;9(15):5377\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S371446.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"13554_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426313","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2426313","volume":"2019","author":"W Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li W, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of symptomatic and asymptomatic neurosyphilis in hiv-negative patients: A retrospective study of 264 cases. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:2426313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/2426313.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1671-8925.2013.02.017","volume":"12","author":"Y Tan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tan Y, Wang LJ, Zhang YH, Fang YX, Hou L. Correlation between 3 years prognosis and protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosyphilis. Chin J Neuromed. 2013;12(2):183\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1671-8925.2013.02.017.","journal-title":"Chin J Neuromed"},{"issue":"15","key":"13554_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-4695.2015.015.018","volume":"14","author":"Q Shi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shi Q, Guo ZY. Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid changes and prognosis in patients with neurosyphilis. J Clin Exp Med. 2015;14(15):1275\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1671-4695.2015.015.018.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-024-01199-7","volume":"30","author":"SM de Almeida","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Almeida SM, Tresoldi Neto J, Rocha A, Medeiros A, Goncalves D, Guimaraes F. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of symptomatic neurosyphilis in people with hiv compared with uninfected individuals. J Neurovirol. 2024;30(2):146\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-024-01199-7.","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"12","key":"13554_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000049","volume":"40","author":"N Levchik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levchik N, Ponomareva M, Surganova V, Zilberberg N, Kungurov N. Criteria for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis in cerebrospinal fluid: Relationships with intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier dysfunction. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(12):917\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000049.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"13554_CR75","first-page":"703","volume":"16","author":"TC Brightbill","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brightbill TC, Ihmeidan IH, Post MJ, Berger JR, Katz DA. Neurosyphilis in hiv-positive and hiv-negative patients: Neuroimaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16(4):703\u201311.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"13554_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Correa DG, de Souza SR, Freddi TAL, Fonseca APA, Dos Santos RQ, Hygino da Cruz LC, Jr. Imaging features of neurosyphilis. J Neuroradiol. 2023;50(2):241\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurad.2023.01.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2023.01.003"},{"issue":"7","key":"13554_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12095","volume":"53","author":"Z Khamaysi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khamaysi Z, Bergman R, Telman G, Goldsher D. Clinical and imaging findings in patients with neurosyphilis: A study of a cohort and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(7):812\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.12095.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13554_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-021-02827-3","volume":"64","author":"A Jum\u2019ah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jum\u2019ah A, Aboul Nour H, Alkhoujah M, Zoghoul S, Eltous L, Miller D. Neurosyphilis in disguise. Neuroradiology. 2022;64(3):433\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-021-02827-3.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"13554_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.07.014","volume":"174","author":"N Ahbeddou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahbeddou N, et al. Stroke and syphilis: A retrospective study of 53 patients. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2018;174(5):313\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.07.014.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"5","key":"13554_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-015-0481-x","volume":"17","author":"S Bhai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhai S, Lyons JL. Neurosyphilis update: Atypical is the new typical. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2015;17(5):481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-015-0481-x.","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07700-z","volume":"22","author":"P Jitpratoom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jitpratoom P, Boonyasiri A. Clinical and laboratory features in patients with positive syphilis serology presenting with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: A prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07700-z.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.12.2.246","volume":"12","author":"K Kodama","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kodama K, et al. Relationship between mri findings and prognosis for patients with general paresis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;12(2):246\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.12.2.246.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12441","volume":"13","author":"B Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen B, et al. Medial temporal lobe atrophy as a predictor of poor cognitive outcomes in general paresis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2019;13(1):30\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eip.12441.","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00361-3","volume":"10","author":"XJ Shang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shang XJ, He CF, Tang B, Chang XL, Ci C, Sang H. Neuroimaging features, follow-up analyses, and comparisons between asymptomatic and symptomatic neurosyphilis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(2):273\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13555-020-00361-3.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR85","first-page":"32","volume":"11","author":"R Behrouz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Behrouz R, Malek AR, Chichkova RI. Meningovascular syphilis: Revisiting an old adversary. Pract Neurol. 2011;11(1):32\u20137.","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"13554_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-001898","volume":"63","author":"H Miyatake","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miyatake H, Oguri T, Sakurai K, Mutoh Y, Kato H, Yuasa H. Changes in vessel wall magnetic resonance contrast-enhancement in a patient with multiple cerebral infarction due to meningovascular neurosyphilis. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2023;63(9):588\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-001898.","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"issue":"5","key":"13554_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.01.008","volume":"61","author":"CE Offiah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Offiah CE, Turnbull IW. The imaging appearances of intracranial cns infections in adult hiv and aids patients. Clin Radiol. 2006;61(5):393\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2006.01.008.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13554_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6","volume":"9","author":"L Pantoni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: From pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(7):689\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"24","key":"13554_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007654","volume":"92","author":"RJ Cannistraro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cannistraro RJ, Badi M, Eidelman BH, Dickson DW, Middlebrooks EH, Meschia JF. Cns small vessel disease: A clinical review. Neurology. 2019;92(24):1146\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007654.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13554_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S484214","volume":"20","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen H, Li JJ, Guan CS, Xue M, Xing YX, Xie RM. Investigation of gray matter changes using voxel-based morphometry in hiv-negative patients with general paresis of the insane. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2024;20:2529\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S484214.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00604794","volume":"38","author":"U Zifko","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zifko U, Wimberger D, Lindner K, Zier G, Grisold W, Schindler E. Mri in patients with general paresis. Neuroradiology. 1996;38(2):120\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00604794.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"13554_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly004","volume":"77","author":"C Mao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mao C, Gao J, Jin L, Peng B, Guo Y. Postmortem histopathologic analysis of neurosyphilis: A report of 3 cases with clinicopathologic correlations. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2018;77(4):296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nly004.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13554_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.028","volume":"205","author":"F Veglio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Veglio F, Paglieri C, Rabbia F, Bisbocci D, Bergui M, Cerrato P. Hypertension and cerebrovascular damage. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(2):331\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.028.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"13554_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496","volume":"42","author":"PB Gorelick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorelick PB, et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association\/american stroke association. Stroke. 2011;42(9):2672\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"13554_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2002.00930.x","volume":"56","author":"Y Kitabayashi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kitabayashi Y, et al. Cerebral blood flow changes in general paresis following penicillin treatment: A longitudinal single photon emission computed tomography study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;56(1):65\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2002.00930.x.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13554-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13554-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13554-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:47:03Z","timestamp":1786668423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13554-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13554-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital (approval number: KYKT2025-064). Informed consent was waived for the retrospective analysis by the Ethics Committee of Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all individual participants or their surrogates prior to the telephone follow-up.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1493"}}