{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:05:08Z","timestamp":1786122308883,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13678-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:52:56Z","timestamp":1780419176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Climate-sensitive infectious diseases in transition: a scoping review of key diseases and their epidemiology, data applications and mechanism of outbreak response in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lolwah","family":"Almousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghadeer","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Ureeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muath","family":"Alawlah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Ahmed","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bosaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed","family":"Alshamrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alzunitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayssal","family":"Farahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laith","family":"Hussain-Alkhateeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"13678_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghouth ASB, Batarfi AM, Melkat AA, Elrahman S. Vector-borne diseases in arab countries. In: Laher I, editor. Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 13]. pp. 1405\u201320. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-36811-1_57.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36811-1_57"},{"key":"13678_CR2","unstructured":"Al-Mohammed HI, Al-Harthi SM, Al-Qahtani M. A surge in malaria cases in the Eastern Health Region of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. Cureus. 2023 [cited 2025 Jan 13]; Available from: https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/147009-a-surge-in-malaria-cases-in-the-eastern-health-region-of-saudi-arabia-during-the-covid-19-pandemic#!\/"},{"key":"13678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutaz SA. An overview of sixteen years control program against Rift Valley Fever in Saudi Arabia: a review study. Insights Biomed Res [Internet]. 2019 Oct 13 [cited 2023 Nov 14];3(1). Available from: https:\/\/scholars.direct\/Articles\/biomedical-research\/ibr-3-016.php?jid=biomedical-research.","DOI":"10.36959\/584\/451"},{"issue":"22","key":"13678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.08.028","volume":"409","author":"HM Khormi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khormi HM, Kumar L. Modeling dengue fever risk based on socioeconomic parameters, nationality and age groups: GIS and remote sensing-based case study. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409(22):4713\u20139.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"13678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2011.159","volume":"6","author":"HM Khormi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khormi HM, Kumar L, Elzahrany RA. Modeling spatio-temporal risk changes in the incidence of dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: a geographical information system case study. Geospat Health. 2011;6(1):77\u201384.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"13678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.014","volume":"181","author":"AM Hashem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hashem AM, Abujamel T, Alhabbab R, Almazroui M, Azhar EI. Dengue infection in patients with febrile illness and its relationship to climate factors: A case study in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for the period 2010\u20132014. Acta Trop. 2018;181:105\u201311.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"13678_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. EMROPUB_EN_19272-SAU.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 14]. Available from: https:\/\/rho.emro.who.int\/sites\/default\/files\/Profiles-briefs-files\/EMROPUB_EN_19272-SAU.pdf."},{"key":"13678_CR8","unstructured":"IOS Press. Strengthening the capacity for surveillance systems in Saudi Arabia. In: Building Capacity for Health Informatics in the Future. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 2014. pp. 261\u20135. Available from: https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/978-1-61499-423-7-261."},{"key":"13678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BinDhim NF, Alanazi EM, Aljadhey H. Health data governance in Saudi Arabia: Status and challenges. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26(1):e53369. Available from: https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e53369.","DOI":"10.2196\/53369"},{"key":"13678_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 24]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/surveillance\/early-warning-alert-and-response-system-ewars."},{"issue":"7","key":"13678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"13678_CR12","unstructured":"Kmet LM, Cook LS, Lee RC. Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields [Internet]. ERA; 2004 [cited 2024 Mar 21]. Available from: https:\/\/era.library.ualberta.ca\/items\/48b9b989-c221-4df6-9e35-af782082280e."},{"key":"13678_CR13","unstructured":"Prevalence of dengue fever in Jizan area, Saudi Arabia [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 9]."},{"key":"13678_CR14","first-page":"348","volume":"10","author":"A Al Azab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al Azab A, Zaituon A, Al-Ghamdi K, Abd Al Galil F. Surveillance of dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti in different areas in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2022;10:348\u201353.","journal-title":"Adv Anim Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"13678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2012.135","volume":"6","author":"HM Khormi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khormi HM, Kumar L. Assessing the risk for dengue fever based on socioeconomic and environmental variables in a geographical information system environment. Geospat Health. 2012;6(2):171\u20136.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"13678_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2021.42.11.20210124","volume":"42","author":"S Melebari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melebari S, Bakri R, Hafiz A, Qabbani F, Khogeer A, Alharthi I, et al. The epidemiology and incidence of dengue in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, during 2017\u20132019. Saudi Med J. 2021;42(11):1173\u20139.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"13678_CR17","first-page":"3","volume":"16","author":"I Alkhaldy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alkhaldy I, Basu A. A cross-tabulated analysis for the influence of climate conditions on the incidence of dengue fever in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia during 2006\u20132009. Int J Health Sci. 2022;16(6):3\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13678_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trs011","volume":"107","author":"AG Alzahrani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alzahrani AG, Al Mazroa MA, Alrabeah AM, Ibrahim AM, Mokdad AH, Memish ZA. Geographical distribution and spatio-temporal patterns of dengue cases in Jeddah Governorate from 2006\u20132008. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013;107(1):23\u20139.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"13678_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020338","volume":"9","author":"M Al-Awadhi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Awadhi M, Ahmad S, Iqbal J. Current status and the epidemiology of malaria in the Middle East region and beyond. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):338.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"13678_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04996-4","volume":"12","author":"A Alanazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alanazi A, Almusailhi BAH, Bamousa GK, Alhawashim NH, Alotaibi NM, AlShamekh S, et al. A decade of travel-associated malaria at King Fahad Hospital of the University in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):966.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"13678_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105980","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105980","volume":"9","author":"M Coleman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coleman M, Al-Zahrani MH, Coleman M, Hemingway J, Omar A, Stanton MC, et al. A country on the verge of malaria elimination \u2013 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e105980.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"13678_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13246","volume":"14","author":"OS Amer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amer OS, Waly MI, Burhan IW, Al-Malki ES, Smida A, Al-Benasy KS. Epidemiological trends of malaria in the Western regions of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14(11):1332\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"13678_CR23","unstructured":"Epidemiological trends over. a ten-year period of malaria in a non-endemic area of Saudi Arabia [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 9]. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/301204428_Epidemiological_Trends_over_a_Ten-year_Period_of_Malaria_in_a_non-Endemic_Area_of_Saudi_Arabia."},{"issue":"2","key":"13678_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2014.153","volume":"34","author":"ZA Memish","year":"2014","unstructured":"Memish ZA, Bamgboye EA, Al-Hakeem RF, Alrabiah FA, Al-Tawfiq JA. Toward malaria eradication in Saudi Arabia: evidence from 4-year surveillance in Makkah. Ann Saudi Med. 2014;34(2):153\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"13678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60116-9","volume":"6","author":"TT Amin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amin TT, Al-Mohammed HI, Kaliyadan F, Mohammed BS. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia: epidemiological trends from 2000 to 2010. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2013;6(8):667\u201372.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"13678_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.05.015","volume":"15","author":"Y Alraey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alraey Y. Distribution and epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Asir Province, Saudi Arabia, from 2011 to 2020. J Infect Public Health. 2022;15(7):757\u201365.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"13678_CR27","first-page":"57","volume":"5","author":"RK Barradah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barradah RK. Incidence trend of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Health Sci. 2020;5(2):57\u201357.","journal-title":"Majmaah J Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"13678_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_16_17","volume":"9","author":"MA Elmekki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elmekki MA, Elhassan MM, Ozbak HA, Qattan IT, Saleh SM, Alharbi AH. Epidemiological trends of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province, Western Region of Saudi Arabia. J Glob Infect Dis. 2017;9(4):146\u201350.","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"13678_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2706.210239","volume":"27","author":"E Berriatua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berriatua E, Maia C, Concei\u00e7\u00e3o C, \u00d6zbel Y, T\u00f6z S, Baneth G, et al. Leishmaniases in the European Union and neighboring countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(6):1723.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"13678_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x","volume":"16","author":"PG Jupp","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Leman P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM, et al. The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16(3):245\u201352.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"8","key":"13678_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1086\/378747","volume":"37","author":"TA Madani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Madani TA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, Mishkhas AA, Al-Rabeah AM, Turkistani AM, et al. Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(8):1084\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"13678_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alyahya H. Prevalence of dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah as a case study. Entomol Res 2023;53.","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12685"},{"key":"13678_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0858-1","volume":"14","author":"IM El Hassan","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Hassan IM, Sahly A, Alzahrani MH, Alhakeem RF, Alhelal M, Alhogail A, et al. Progress toward malaria elimination in Jazan Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: 2000\u20132014. Malar J. 2015;14:444.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"13678_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1081-z","volume":"16","author":"MH Al Zahrani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al Zahrani MH, Omar AI, Abdoon AMO, Ibrahim AA, Alhogail A, Elmubarak M, et al. Cross-border movement, economic development and malaria elimination in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):98.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"13678_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir F, Bansal D, Rehman A, ur, Ajjur SB, Skariah S, Belhaouari SB, et al. Assessing the impact of climate conditions on the distribution of mosquito species in Qatar. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2023 Jan 16 [cited 2024 May 1];10. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/public-health\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.970694\/full.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.970694"},{"issue":"1","key":"13678_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1581-2","volume":"15","author":"AM Alshahrani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alshahrani AM, Abdelgader TM, Saeed I, Al-Akhshami A, Al-Ghamdi M, Al-Zahrani MH, et al. The changing malaria landscape in Aseer region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: 2000\u20132015. Malar J. 2016;15(1):538.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"13678_CR37","unstructured":"Epidemiological profile of malaria. in a university hospital in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 9]. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/12035664_Epidemiological_profile_of_malaria_in_a_University_Hospital_in_the_Eastern_Region_of_Saudi_Arabia."},{"issue":"3","key":"13678_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.3.233","volume":"57","author":"Y Hawash","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hawash Y, Ismail K, Alsharif K, Alsanie W. Malaria prevalence in a low transmission area, Jazan District of Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Korean J Parasitol. 2019;57(3):233\u201342.","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13678_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-021-03300-z","volume":"169","author":"S Paz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paz S, Majeed A, Christophides GK. Climate change impacts on infectious diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME)\u2014risks and recommendations. Clim Change. 2021;169(3):40.","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"13678_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60332-1","volume":"8","author":"N Haouas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haouas N, Amer O, Ishankyty A, Alazmi A, Ishankyty I. Profile and geographical distribution of reported cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in Northwestern Saudi Arabia, from 2010 to 2013. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015;8(4):287\u201391.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"13678_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2003.10.006","volume":"8","author":"JA Al-Tawfiq","year":"2004","unstructured":"Al-Tawfiq JA, AbuKhamsin A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a 46-year study of the epidemiology and clinical features in Saudi Arabia (1956\u20132002). Int J Infect Dis. 2004;8(4):244\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"13678_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization - Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. The epidemiology of cholera in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1965\u20132014 [Internet]. EMHJ. [cited 2024 Oct 24]. Available from: http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/emhj-volume-26-2020\/volume-26-issue-9\/the-epidemiology-of-cholera-in-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-19652014.html.","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.19.051"},{"issue":"9","key":"13678_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001691","volume":"3","author":"GS Tejeda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tejeda GS, Valladares DB, Morales FC, Cisneros JT, Tamarindo BEE, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, et al. Early warning and response system for dengue outbreaks: Moving from research to operational implementation in Mexico. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2023;3(9):e0001691.","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"13678_CR44","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Our results showed that there was a significant difference in malaria incidence [Internet]. East Mediterr Health J. 2012 [cited 2025 Jan 13];18(1):15\u201320. Available from: https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/emhj-volume-18-2012\/issue-1\/article-2.html."},{"key":"13678_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beatty ME, Stone A, Fitzsimons DW, Hanna JN, Lam SK, Vong S et al. Best practices in dengue surveillance: A report from the Asia-Pacific and Americas Dengue Prevention Boards. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. [Internet]. 2024;4(11):e890. Available from: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosntds\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000890","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000890"},{"key":"13678_CR46","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 28]. Available from: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sa\/en\/Pages\/Default.aspx."},{"key":"13678_CR47","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Global Network expands digital health certification for Hajj pilgrims [Internet]. 2024 Oct 21 [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/21-10-2024-who-global-network-expands-digital-health-certification-for-hajj-pilgrims."},{"issue":"9","key":"13678_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001691","volume":"3","author":"G Sanchez Tejeda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanchez Tejeda G, Benitez Valladares D, Correa Morales F, Toledo Cisneros J, Espinoza Tamarindo BE, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Merle CS, Kroeger A. Early warning and response system for dengue outbreaks: Moving from research to operational implementation in Mexico. PLOS Global Public Health. 2023;3(9):e0001691.","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"13678_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009261","volume":"15","author":"D Benitez-Valladares","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benitez-Valladares D, Kroeger A, Tejeda GS, Hussain-Alkhateeb L. Validation of the Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) for dengue outbreaks: Evidence from the national vector control program in Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(12):e0009261.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"13678_CR50","unstructured":"National Center for Meteorology (NCM). Homepage. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncm.gov.sa\/ar\/Pages\/default.aspx (accessed 2025 Nov 19)."},{"issue":"11","key":"13678_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110329","volume":"7","author":"EA Farag","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farag EA, Jaffrey S, Daraan F, Al-Shamali MHMA, Khan FY, Coyle PV, et al. Dengue epidemiology in Qatar from 2013\u20132021: A retrospective study. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7(11):329.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"13678_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.920","volume":"61","author":"E Scrimgeour","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scrimgeour E, Mehta F, Al-Alawi S. Infectious and tropical diseases in Oman: A review. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61:920\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"13678_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302089111","volume":"111","author":"C Caminade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Col\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez FJ, et al. Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(9):3286\u201391.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"13678_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_90_21","volume":"11","author":"M Rejali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rejali M, Dashtaki NM, Ebrahimi A, Heidari A, Maracy MR. Cutaneous leishmaniasis based on climate regions in Iran (1998\u20132021): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Biomed Res. 2022;11:120.","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"13678_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014737","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-014737","volume":"9","author":"S Situma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Situma S, Nyakarahuka L, Omondi E, Mureithi M, Mweu MM, Muturi M, et al. Widening geographic range of Rift Valley fever disease clusters associated with climate change in East Africa. BMJ Glob Health. 2024;9(6):e014737.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"13678_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization - Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Mitigating the resurgence of cholera in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [Internet]. EMHJ. [cited 2024 Oct 24]. Available from: http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/emhj-volume-29-2023\/volume-29-issue-1\/mitigating-the-resurgence-of-cholera-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-region.html.","DOI":"10.26719\/2023.29.1.3"},{"issue":"1","key":"13678_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00379-w","volume":"15","author":"NZ Alshahrani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alshahrani NZ, Alarifi AM, Assiri AM. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Saudi Arabia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Global Health. 2025;15(1):37.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"13678_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-021-00074-1","volume":"96","author":"ZK Almayahi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almayahi ZK, Alswaidi F, Alzahrani A. Perception of the health surveillance users on the health electronic surveillance network (HESN), Saudi Arabia, 2016. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2021;96(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42506-021-00074-1. PMID: 34132906; PMCID: PMC8206895.","journal-title":"J Egypt Public Health Assoc"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13678-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13678-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13678-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1786094296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13678-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13678-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This scoping review did neither collect any empirical data nor involved human participation, and hence no ethical approval was required for this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1443"}}