{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T08:14:31Z","timestamp":1783325671301,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industry-University-Research Innovation Fund Project of Chinese Universities","award":["2025MR044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025MR044"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Industrial Park Medical and Health Innovation Research Project","award":["CXYJ2024A08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXYJ2024A08"]}]},{"name":"Key Talent of the Suzhou Gusu Health Talent","award":["(2024) 108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2024) 108"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Industrial Park Healthcare Talent Support Initiative","award":["(2024)55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2024)55"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13769-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T11:54:36Z","timestamp":1781438076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a prediction model for infectious mononucleosis using machine learning algorithms based on blood cell analysis parameters"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhuang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sicheng","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingzhen","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"13769_CR1","first-page":"211","volume":"390","author":"SK Dummire","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dummire SK, Hogquist KA, Balfour HH. Infect Mononucleosis Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2015;390(Pt 1):211\u201340.","journal-title":"Infect Mononucleosis Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13769_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2015.1","volume":"4","author":"HH Balfour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balfour HH, Dunmire SK, Hogquist KA. Infect mononucleosis Clin Transl Immunol. 2015;4(2):e33.","journal-title":"Infect mononucleosis Clin Transl Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05122.x","volume":"36","author":"LJ Vine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vine LJ, Shepherd K, Hunter JG, et al. Characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis among patients with jaundice or acute hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(1):16\u201321.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"13769_CR4","first-page":"h1825","volume":"350","author":"P Lennon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lennon P, Crotty M, Fenton JE. Infect mononucleosis BMJ. 2015;350:h1825.","journal-title":"Infect mononucleosis BMJ"},{"issue":"14","key":"13769_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2111","volume":"315","author":"MH Ebell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ebell MH, Call M, Shinholser J, Gardner J. Does this patient have infectious mononucleosis? the rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA. 2016;315(14):1502\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"21","key":"13769_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1001116","volume":"362","author":"K Luzuriaga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL. Infectious mononucleosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(21):1993\u20132000.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v1.i1.31","volume":"1","author":"M De Paschale","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Paschale M, Clerici P. Serological diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection: Problems and solutions. World J Virol. 2012;1(1):31\u201343.","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13769_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23689","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23689","volume":"35","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Cao X, Xu D. Detection of atypical lymphocytes by automated hematology analyzers: current status and future perspectives. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(3):e23689.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"7","key":"13769_CR9","first-page":"e153","volume":"55","author":"SH Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park SH, Park CJ, Kim MJ, et al. The usefulness of the lymphocyte morphology flags generated by an automated hematology analyzer for predicting reactive lymphocytes. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55(7):e153\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"13769_CR10","first-page":"792","volume":"43","author":"G Zini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zini G. International consensus on peripheral blood cell morphology grading: A harmonization of clinical and laboratory standards. Int J Lab Hematol. 2021;43(4):792\u2013801.","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0681-4","volume":"19","author":"JAM Sidey-Gibbons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sidey-Gibbons JAM, Sidey-Gibbons CJ. Machine learning in medicine: a practical introduction. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019;19(1):64.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"14","key":"13769_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1814259","volume":"380","author":"A Rajkomar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajkomar A, Dean J, Kohane I. Machine learning in medicine. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(14):1347\u201358.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13769_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45014-9_1","volume":"1857","author":"TG Dietterich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dietterich TG. Ensemble methods in machine learning. Multiple Classifier Syst. 2000;1857:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Multiple Classifier Syst"},{"issue":"7","key":"13769_CR14","first-page":"e1","volume":"78","author":"JM Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024;78(7):e1\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03333-9","volume":"26","author":"M Ghaderzadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghaderzadeh M, Rafie Z, Salehnasab C. Explainable extratreeclassifier model for early detection of type 2 diabetes: evidence from the PERSIAN Dena Cohort. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2025;26(1):36.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"key":"13769_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e078378","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","volume":"385","author":"GS Collins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Collins GS, Moons KGM, Dhiman P, et al. TRIPOD\u2009+\u2009AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods. BMJ. 2024;385:e078378.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"13769_CR17","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"ZH Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou ZH. Machine learning. Beijing: Tsinghua University; 2016."},{"key":"13769_CR18","volume-title":"Deep learning","author":"I Goodfellow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goodfellow I, Bengio Y, Courville A. Deep learning. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24953-w","volume":"25","author":"Z Rafie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rafie Z, Sedaghat Talab M, Ebrahim Zadeh Koor B, Garavand A, Salehnasab C, Ghaderzadeh M. Leveraging XGBoost and explainable AI for accurate prediction of type 2 diabetes. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):3688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-24953-w.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00044-10","volume":"24","author":"OA Odumade","year":"2011","unstructured":"Odumade OA, Hogquist KA, Balfour HH Jr. Progress and problems in understanding and managing primary Epstein-Barr virus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24(1):193\u2013209.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"13769_CR21","first-page":"e17131","volume":"13","author":"S Karakonstantis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karakonstantis S, Tzagkarakis E, Paschali A, et al. Atypical lymphocytosis: an important diagnostic clue of viral infections. Cureus. 2021;13(8):e17131.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"10","key":"13769_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.12.011","volume":"120","author":"C Hurt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hurt C, Tammaro D. Diagnostic evaluation of mononucleosis-like illnesses. Am J Med. 2007;120(10):911.e1-911.e8.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"13769_CR23","first-page":"129","volume":"5","author":"ML Brigden","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brigden ML, Au S, Thompson S, Brigden S, Doyle P. Infectious mononucleosis in an outpatient population: diagnostic utility of the peripheral blood smear and the heterophile antibody test. Lab Hematol. 1999;5:129\u201335.","journal-title":"Lab Hematol"},{"issue":"8","key":"13769_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081026","volume":"17","author":"Y Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun Y, et al. Advances in Epstein-Barr Virus Detection: From Traditional Methods to Modern Technologies. Viruses. 2025;17(8):1026.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"13769_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11204-x","volume":"25","author":"A single-center","year":"2025","unstructured":"A single-center. retrospective analysis of serological and molecular findings in patients infected with Epstein-Barr virus. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25:844.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"13769_CR26","first-page":"3329","volume":"46","author":"V Hadinoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hadinoto V, Shapiro M, Greenough TC, et al. Circulating Epstein-Barr virus DNA loads in healthy adults. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(10):3329\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13769_CR27","first-page":"1279","volume":"70","author":"Diagnostic Tests for Infectious Mononucleosis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diagnostic Tests for Infectious Mononucleosis. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70(7):1279\u201382.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR28","first-page":"1201","volume":"20","author":"M Jalali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalali M, et al. Ada-WHIPS: explaining AdaBoost classification with applications in the health sciences. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2020;20(1):1201.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"key":"13769_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo L et al. Platelet dynamics and thrombocytopenia in dengue fever. New Microbes New Infect. 2025 Aug 23;67:101624.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2025.101624"},{"issue":"9","key":"13769_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22995","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22995","volume":"33","author":"Y Fei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fei Y, Zhang H, Zhang C. The application of lymphocyte*platelet and mean platelet volume\/platelet ratio in influenza A infection in children. J Clin Lab Anal. 2019;33(9):e22995.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1997.1504","volume":"55","author":"Y Freund","year":"1997","unstructured":"Freund Y, Schapire RE. A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J Comput Syst Sci. 1997;55(1):119\u201339.","journal-title":"J Comput Syst Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13769_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2280-5","volume":"17","author":"ST McSorley","year":"2017","unstructured":"McSorley ST, Grant IB, McMillan DC, et al. Systemic inflammation-based scores and mortality for all causes in HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):193.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"36","key":"13769_CR33","first-page":"11","volume":"62","author":"CC Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu CC, Zhong XY. Effect of atypical lymphocyte ratio on immune system in children with infectious mononucleosis. China Mod Doctor. 2024;62(36):11.","journal-title":"China Mod Doctor"},{"issue":"8","key":"13769_CR34","first-page":"1096","volume":"47","author":"JL Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui JL, Wang L, Zhang H, et al. Correlation between peripheral blood PLR, NLR levels and EBV viral load in children with EBV infection in Handan area. South China J Prev Med. 2021;47(8):1096\u20138.","journal-title":"South China J Prev Med"},{"key":"13769_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03255-6","volume":"25","author":"M Ghaderzadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghaderzadeh M, Garavand A, Salehnasab C. Artificial intelligence in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review of diagnostic and predictive applications. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2025;25:427.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"issue":"7","key":"13769_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70234","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70491","volume":"97","author":"D Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang D, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhang W, Li J, Wang H. Unveiling the immune landscape: single-cell sequencing of infectious mononucleosis patients. J Med Virol. 2025;97(7):e70234.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"13769_CR37","unstructured":"Balfour HH Jr, Dunmire SK, Hogquist KA. Infectious mononucleosis. In: UpToDate, Hirsch MS, Kaplan SL, editors, UpToDate. Waltham, MA. 2025 Jul 15."},{"key":"13769_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_649_19","volume":"9","author":"H Shahsavari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahsavari H, Matourypour P, Ghiyasvandian S, Nejad MRG. Medical Research Council framework for development and evaluation of complex interventions: A comprehensive guidance. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:88.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"key":"13769_CR39","first-page":"104746","volume":"28","author":"A Acevedo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acevedo A, Merino A, Alf\u00e9rez S, Molina \u00c1, Bold\u00fa L. Rodellar. A dataset of microscopic peripheral blood cell images for development of automatic classification systems. Data brief. 2019;28:104746.","journal-title":"Data brief"},{"issue":"2","key":"13769_CR40","first-page":"34","volume":"17","author":"P Porkar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Porkar P, et al. Enhancing Cancer Zone Diagnosis in MRI Images: A Novel SOM Neural Network Approach with Block Processing in the Presence of Noise. Iran J Blood Cancer. 2025;17(2):34\u201345","journal-title":"Iran J Blood Cancer"},{"key":"13769_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_925_24","volume":"14","author":"I Seyfi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seyfi I, Karimi Z, Moghadam AG, Salehnesab C, Malekzadeh M. Investigating the effect of guided self-help through social networks on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and resilience of mothers with children suffering from febrile seizures. J Educ Health Promot. 2025;14:541.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13769-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13769-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13769-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T07:17:39Z","timestamp":1783322259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13769-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13769-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, with a waiver of informed consent, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki (No. 20260001).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1250"}}