{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:01:11Z","timestamp":1790776871224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13788-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T02:54:30Z","timestamp":1780973670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological investigation of Chandipura virus disease outbreak, Gujarat, India, July 2024: a matched case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1434-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit Pritam","family":"Swain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0008-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betsy","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sowntappan","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2185-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngangom","family":"Kanchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aathira V.","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Mandriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jariwala Devang","family":"Ashvinkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayesh. M","family":"Katira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshad P.","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayesh","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilam","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7186-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanzin","family":"Dikid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"13788_CR1","first-page":"1295","volume":"55","author":"PN Bhatt","year":"1967","unstructured":"Bhatt PN, Rodrigues FM. Chandipura: a new Arbovirus isolated in India from patients with febrile illness. Indian J Med Res. 1967;55(12):1295\u2013305.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13788_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.23.1.152-166.1977","volume":"23","author":"JP Clewley","year":"1977","unstructured":"Clewley JP, Bishop DH, Kang CY, Coffin J, Schnitzlein WM, Reichmann ME, et al. Oligonucleotide fingerprints of RNA species obtained from rhabdoviruses belonging to the vesicular stomatitis virus subgroup. J Virol. 1977;23(1):152\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.23.1.152-166.1977.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13788_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1993.tb00663.x","volume":"22","author":"JS Peiris","year":"1993","unstructured":"Peiris JS, Dittus WP, Ratnayake CB. Seroepidemiology of dengue and other arboviruses in a natural population of toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. J Med Primatol. 1993;22(4):240\u20135.","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13788_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.570","volume":"50","author":"D Fontenille","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fontenille D, Traore-Lamizana M, Trouillet J, Leclerc A, Mondo M, Ba Y, et al. First isolations of arboviruses from phlebotomine sand flies in West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50(5):570\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.570.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"13788_CR5","first-page":"395","volume":"132","author":"YK Gurav","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gurav YK, Tandale BV, Jadi RS, Gunjikar RS, Tikute SS, Jamgaonkar AV, et al. Chandipura virus encephalitis outbreak among children in Nagpur division, Maharashtra, 2007. Indian J Med Res. 2010;132:395\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"9437","key":"13788_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16982-1","volume":"364","author":"BL Rao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rao BL, Basu A, Wairagkar NS, Gore MM, Arankalle VA, Thakare JP, et al. A large outbreak of acute encephalitis with high fatality rate in children in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2003, associated with Chandipura virus. Lancet Lond Engl. 2004;364(9437):869\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16982-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"1","key":"13788_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21041","volume":"80","author":"BV Tandale","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tandale BV, Tikute SS, Arankalle VA, Sathe PS, Joshi MV, Ranadive SN, et al. Chandipura virus: a major cause of acute encephalitis in children in North Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Med Virol. 2008;80(1):118\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.21041.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13788_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.566","volume":"73","author":"MS Chadha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chadha MS, Arankalle VA, Jadi RS, Joshi MV, Thakare JP, Mahadev PVM, et al. An outbreak of Chandipura virus encephalitis in the eastern districts of Gujarat state, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73(3):566\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"13788_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.712.414","volume":"7","author":"DS Dinesh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dinesh DS, Topno RK, Pandey K, Kumar R, Sahoo GC, Kumar M, et al. Chandipura Virus Recognized among AES for the First Time in Bihar, India. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2018;7(12):3658\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.712.414.","journal-title":"Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"13788_CR10","first-page":"185","volume":"28","author":"B Dwibedi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dwibedi B, Sabat J, Hazra RK, Kumar A, Dinesh DS, Kar SK. Chandipura virus infection causing encephalitis in a tribal population of Odisha in eastern India. Natl Med J India. 2015;28(4):185\u20137.","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"issue":"6","key":"13788_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.191929","volume":"143","author":"AB Sudeep","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sudeep AB, Gurav YK, Bondre VP. Changing clinical scenario in Chandipura virus infection. Indian J Med Res. 2016;143(6):712\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0971-5916.191929.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"13788_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68097","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68097","volume":"16","author":"B Kanabar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kanabar B, Malek S, Piparva K. Temporal Trends in Outbreaks of Chandipura Viral Infection in India: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e68097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.68097.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"13788_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1151","volume":"75","author":"MS Mavale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mavale MS, Fulmali PV, Geevarghese G, Arankalle VA, Ghodke YS, Kanojia PC, et al. Venereal transmission of Chandipura virus by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75(6):1151\u20132.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"13788_CR14","first-page":"27","volume":"35","author":"MA Ilkal","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ilkal MA, Goverdhan MK, Shetty PS, Tupe CD, Mavale MS, Dhanda V. Susceptibility of four species of mosquitoes to Chandipura virus and its detection by immunofluorescence. Acta Virol. 1991;35(1):27\u201332.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13788_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2017.397","volume":"71","author":"RG Damle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Damle RG, Sankararaman V, Bhide VS, Jadhav VK, Walimbe AM, Gokhale MD. Molecular Evidence of Chandipura Virus from Sergentomyia species of Sandflies in Gujarat, India. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2018;71(3):247\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2017.397.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"13788_CR16","first-page":"769","volume":"139","author":"AB Sudeep","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sudeep AB, Bondre VP, Gurav YK, et al. Isolation of Chandipura virus (Vesiculovirus: Rhabdoviridae) from Sergentomyia species of sandflies from Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Indian J Med Res. 2014;139(5):769\u201372.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"13788_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.3.495","volume":"42","author":"G Geevarghese","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geevarghese G, Arankalle VA, Jadi R, Kanojia PC, Joshi MV, Mishra AC. Detection of chandipura virus from sand flies in the genus Sergentomyia (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) at Karimnagar District, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Med Entomol. 2005;42(3):495\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmedent\/42.3.495.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13788_CR18","first-page":"69","volume":"49","author":"MV Joshi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joshi MV, Patil DR, Tupe CD, Umarani UB, Ayachit VM, Geevarghese G, et al. Incidence of neutralizing antibodies to Chandipura virus in domestic animals from Karimnagar and Warangal Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Acta Virol. 2005;49(1):69\u201371.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"13788_CR19","unstructured":"Weight-for-age (5\u201310 years). Accessed March 25. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years\/indicators\/weight-for-age-5to10-years."},{"key":"13788_CR20","unstructured":"Lewis DJ. The phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Oriental region. Published online 1978."},{"key":"13788_CR21","unstructured":"Kalra N, Bang Y. Manual on entomology in visceral leishmaniasis. World Health Organ New Delhi India. Published online 1988:88."},{"key":"13788_CR22","unstructured":"Weekly Outbreaks: Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP). Accessed March 20. 2025. https:\/\/idsp.mohfw.gov.in\/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=406&lid=3689."},{"issue":"2","key":"13788_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anzjph.2023.100041","volume":"47","author":"TN Thomson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomson TN, Marsland MJ, Minko C, Snow KJ, Friedman ND. Japanese encephalitis: A rapid review of reported prevalence of infection, clinical disease and sequelae in immunologically naive populations to inform Australia\u2019s response. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2023;47(2):100041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anzjph.2023.100041.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"13788_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tiwari KS, Saxena S, Mathur R, Nair AN. MP. Japanese Encephalitis virus: the complex biology of an emerging pathogen. In: Tkachev S, editor. Encephalitis. InTech; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/54111.","DOI":"10.5772\/54111"},{"key":"13788_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805643","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.805643","volume":"12","author":"G Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh G, Tucker EW, Rohlwink UK. Infection in the Developing Brain: The Role of Unique Systemic Immune Vulnerabilities. Front Neurol. 2022;12:805643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.805643.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13788_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-5-121","volume":"5","author":"A Balakrishnan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Balakrishnan A, Mishra AC. Immune response during acute Chandipura viral infection in experimentally infected susceptible mice. Virol J. 2008;5(1):121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422X-5-121.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"13788_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-125","volume":"12","author":"B Anukumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anukumar B, Shahir P. Chandipura Virus infection in mice: the role of toll like receptor 4 in pathogenesis. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-12-125.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"13788_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002363","volume":"38","author":"A Gwela","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gwela A, Mupere E, Berkley JA, Lancioni C, Undernutrition. Host Immunity and Vulnerability to Infection Among Young Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38(8):e175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0000000000002363.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"6","key":"13788_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0037","volume":"99","author":"R Calderon-Anyosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calderon-Anyosa R, Galvez-Petzoldt C, Garcia PJ, Carcamo CP. Housing Characteristics and Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(6):1547\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0037.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"13788_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106771","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106771","volume":"9","author":"P Malaviya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Malaviya P, Hasker E, Picado A, Mishra M, Geertruyden JPV, Das ML, et al. Exposure to Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) Sand Flies in Rural Areas of Bihar, India: The Role of Housing Conditions. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e106771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0106771.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"13788_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009062","volume":"15","author":"IB Hassaballa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassaballa IB, Torto B, Sole CL, Tchouassi DP. Exploring the influence of different habitats and their volatile chemistry in modulating sand fly population structure in a leishmaniasis endemic foci, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(2):e0009062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009062.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"13788_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx098","volume":"54","author":"K Khan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khan K, Wahid S, Khan NH, Ali N. Potential Resting and Breeding Sites of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Their Habitat Characteristics in Leishmaniasis Foci of Dir Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Med Entomol. 2017;54(5):1390\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjx098.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13788_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_3974_20","volume":"157","author":"AB Sudeep","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sudeep AB, Shil P, Selarka K, Godke YS, Sonawane PA, Gokhale MD. Diversity of sandflies in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India, a region endemic to Chandipura virus encephalitis. Indian J Med Res. 2023;157(4):259\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_3974_20.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"13788_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.04.015","volume":"148","author":"R Srinivasan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Srinivasan R, Jambulingam P, Kumar NP, Selvakumar M, Edwin B, Kumar TD. Temporal distribution and behaviour of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of the Kani Tribe settlements in the Western Ghats, India. Acta Trop. 2015;148:147\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.04.015.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13788-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13788-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13788-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:02:19Z","timestamp":1786712539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13788-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13788-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This investigation was carried out with the purpose of identifying the risk factors of CHPVD during an outbreak and to institute immediate control measures to prevent morbidity and mortality as part of the public health response of Gujarat State Health Department and NCDC. Ethical approval was exempted and not applicable as the investigation was conducted as part of public health response and consistent with applicable state and central government law (Epidemic Diseases Act no.3, 1897). The field response did not involve any human or animal laboratory sample collection for research purposes, or intervention. Strict data protection protocols reviewed by NCDC, ethical principles and guidelines by the Government of India, and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards were followed during public health response. Informed consent was taken from all the participants and from the parents or legal guardians for all participant under the age of 16 years before interview.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1491"}}