{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:02:44Z","timestamp":1789516964982,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13797-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:55:33Z","timestamp":1782492933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling the impact of war, interventions, and funding on malaria transmission dynamics in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Salah","family":"Alhaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farai","family":"Nyabadza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13797_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-020-00251-9","volume":"40","author":"S Sato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sato S. Plasmodium\u2014a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology. J Physiol Anthropol. 2021;40(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40101-020-00251-9.","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"13797_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2024. World Health Organization. Available from: 2024. Accessed: 2024-12-19: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2024."},{"key":"13797_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S405668","volume":"Volume 16","author":"M Fikadu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fikadu M, Ashenafi E. Malaria: an overview. IDR. 2023;Volume 16:3339\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S405668.","journal-title":"IDR"},{"issue":"3","key":"13797_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08167-4","volume":"123","author":"JE Mertens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mertens JE. A history of malaria and conflict. Parasitol Res. 2024;123(3):165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08167-4.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"13797_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10783","DOI":"10.3390\/su131910783","volume":"13","author":"K Goniewicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goniewicz K, Burkle FM, Horne S, Borowska-Stefa\u0144ska M, Wi\u015bniewski S, Khorram-Manesh A. The influence of war and conflict on infectious disease: a rapid review of historical lessons we have yet to learn. Sustainability. 2021;13(19):10783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su131910783.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"13797_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahamtalla B, Medani I, Salih A, Hashim KN, Albasheer K, Munder O, et al. The impact of ongoing armed conflict on Sudan\u2019s healthcare system: narrative review. Discov Health Syst. 2025;4(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44250-025-00232-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s44250-025-00232-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"13797_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16706-1","volume":"12","author":"A Elagali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elagali A, Ahmed A, Makki N, Ismail H, Ajak M, Alene KA, et al. Spatiotemporal mapping of malaria incidence in Sudan using routine surveillance data. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):14114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-16706-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"13797_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.34172\/ijmpes.2021.26","volume":"2","author":"MEA Aidaros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aidaros MEA, Sharif OA, Al-Hamodi M, Mahjaf GM, Altaher TAA, Hamad MNM. Prevalence of different types of malaria in Shendi, Sudan. Int J Med Parasitol Epidemiol Sci. 2021;2(4):91\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/ijmpes.2021.26.","journal-title":"Int J Med Parasitol Epidemiol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13797_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04900-7","volume":"23","author":"SM HasapAla","year":"2024","unstructured":"HasapAla SM, Azrag RS, Awad OM. Cost effectiveness of malaria vector control activities in Sudan. Malar J. 2024;23(1):80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-024-04900-7.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"13797_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05635-9","volume":"24","author":"M Abubakr","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abubakr M, Mohamed NS, Sami H, Sabon K, AbdElbagi H, Osman OF, et al. Epidemiological trends of malaria in Sennar state, Sudan. Malar J. 2025;24(1):389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-025-05635-9.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"13797_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wako BH, Dawed MY, Obsu LL. Mathematical model analysis of malaria transmission dynamics with induced complications. Sci Afr. 2025;28(e02635):e02635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02635.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02635"},{"issue":"4","key":"13797_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2023.08.005","volume":"8","author":"G Adegbite","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adegbite G, Edeki S, Isewon I, Emmanuel J, Dokunmu T, Rotimi S, et al. Mathematical modeling of malaria transmission dynamics in humans with mobility and control states. Infect Disease Modell. 2023;8(4):1015\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idm.2023.08.005.","journal-title":"Infect Disease Modell"},{"key":"13797_CR13","unstructured":"AgbataGb B, Amoah-Mensah J, Kwabi P, Ahman Q, Asantemensa F, Obeng-Denteh W. Mathematical modelling and analysis of malaria model with effects of vaccination and treatment intervention. J Educ Chang Pharm Allied Sci. 2025;22(2)."},{"key":"13797_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalew A, Molla Y, Woldegbreal A. Modeling and stability analysis of the dynamics of malaria disease transmission with some control strategies. In: Abstract and applied analysis. Vol. 2024. Wiley Online Library; 2024. p. 8837744.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8837744"},{"issue":"3","key":"13797_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-020-00717-y","volume":"82","author":"JB Aguilar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aguilar JB, Gutierrez JB. An epidemiological model of malaria accounting for asymptomatic carriers. Bull Math Biol. 2020;82(3):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11538-020-00717-y.","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"13797_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-025-06818-8","volume":"140","author":"K Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali K, Abdelkawy M, Raza A, Abimbade S, Rizvi STR, Alazman I, et al. Modeling global asymptotic stability of malaria dynamics with structured infectious population. Eur Phys J Plus. 2025;140(9):869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-025-06818-8.","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"issue":"8","key":"13797_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-024-01321-0","volume":"86","author":"MA Korsah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korsah MA, Johnston ST, Tiedje KE, Day KP, Flegg JA, Walker CR. Mathematical assessment of the role of intervention programs for malaria control. Bull Math Biol. 2024;86(8):91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11538-024-01321-0.","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13797_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1515\/ijnsns-2019-0223","volume":"22","author":"FA Basir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Basir FA, Banerjee A, Ray S. Exploring the effects of awareness and time delay in controlling malaria disease propagation. Int J Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul. 2021;22(6):665\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ijnsns-2019-0223.","journal-title":"Int J Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul"},{"issue":"5","key":"13797_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1007\/s12190-024-02154-9","volume":"70","author":"AT Haringo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haringo AT, Obsu LL, Bushu FK. A mathematical model of malaria transmission with media-awareness and treatment interventions. J Appl Math Comput 2024;70(5):4715\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12190-024-02154-9.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math. Comput"},{"issue":"12","key":"13797_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-022-01094-4","volume":"84","author":"M Chapwanya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chapwanya M, Lubuma J, Terefe Y, Tsanou B. Analysis of war and conflict effect on the transmission dynamics of the tenth Ebola outbreak in the democratic republic of Congo. Bull Math Biol. 2022;84(12):136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11538-022-01094-4.","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"key":"13797_CR21","unstructured":"Atlas Visual de la Malaria. Malaria Outbreak in Gedaref, Sudan. 2024;Accessed:01\u201304\u20132026. Available from: https:\/\/atlasvisualdelamalaria.org\/en\/malaria-outbreak-in-gedaref-sudan\/."},{"key":"13797_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1453","volume":"102","author":"MC Tarnas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tarnas MC, Desai AN, Lassmann B, Abbara A. Increase in vector-borne disease reporting affecting humans and animals in Syria and neighboring countries after the onset of conflict: a ProMED analysis 2003\u20132018. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:103\u201309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1453.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13797_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6","volume":"180","author":"P van den Driessche","year":"2002","unstructured":"van den Driessche P, Watmough J. Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission. Math Biosci. 2002;180(1\u20132):29\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6.","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13797_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmaa.2012.04.077","volume":"395","author":"AB Gumel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gumel AB. Causes of backward bifurcations in some epidemiological models. J Math Anal Appl. 2012;395(1):355\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmaa.2012.04.077.","journal-title":"J Math Anal Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"13797_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-009-9480-0","volume":"72","author":"KW Blayneh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blayneh KW, Gumel AB, Lenhart S, Clayton T. Backward bifurcation and optimal control in transmission dynamics of West Nile virus. Bull Math Biol. 2010;72(4):1006\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11538-009-9480-0.","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"key":"13797_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castillo-Chavez C, Song B. Dynamical models of tuberculosis and their applications. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 2004;1(2):361\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/mbe.2004.1.361.","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2004.1.361"},{"key":"13797_CR27","unstructured":"for the Eastern Mediterranean WHORO. Sudan health emergency situation report: October 2024. World Health Organ. 2024; Accessed:01\u201305\u20132026. Available from: https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/images\/stories\/sudan\/situation-report-october-2024.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"13797_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5642\/codee.CZKZ5996","volume":"16","author":"V Savatorova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Savatorova V. Exploring parameter sensitivity analysis in mathematical modeling with ordinary differential equations. Codee J. 2023;16(1):1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5642\/codee.CZKZ5996.","journal-title":"Codee J"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13797-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13797-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13797-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:20:02Z","timestamp":1789514402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13797-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13797-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants, human data, or human tissue, and therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate were not required. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable as this manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1658"}}