{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:15:43Z","timestamp":1788142543688,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13815-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:21:52Z","timestamp":1781785312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Varicella epidemiology, susceptibility and cost burden in Chongqing China: implications for prevention and control strategies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuyang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengqing","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunbei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"13815_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.3.706","volume":"172","author":"PW Choo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Choo PW, Donahue JG, Manson JE, Platt R. The epidemiology of varicella and its complications. J Infect Dis. 1995;172(3):706\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/172.3.706.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"13815_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.16","volume":"1","author":"AA Gershon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, Cohrs RJ, Gershon MD, Gilden D, Grose C, Hambleton S, Kennedy PG, Oxman MN, Seward JF, Yamanishi K. Varicella zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.16.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"25","key":"13815_CR3","first-page":"265","volume":"89","author":"WHO","year":"2014","unstructured":"WHO. Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014[J]. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014;89(25):265\u201387.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"13815_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong P, Wang M, Liu Y. Epidemiological characteristics of varicella in China, 2016\u20132019. Chin J Vaccines Immun. 2020;26(4):403\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19914\/j.cjvi.2020.04.011.","DOI":"10.19914\/j.cjvi.2020.04.011"},{"issue":"52","key":"13815_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2023.218","volume":"5","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang M, Li X, You M, Wang Y, Liu X, Li Z, Zhao W, Jiang Z, Hu Y, Yin D. Epidemiological Characteristics of Varicella Outbreaks - China, 2006\u20132022. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5(52):1161\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46234\/ccdcw2023.218.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"5","key":"13815_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510290057037","volume":"271","author":"TA Lieu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lieu TA, Cochi SL, Black SB, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a Routine Varicella Vaccination Program for US Children. JAMA. 1994;271(5):375\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1994.03510290057037.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"13815_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suo L, Zhang Y, Li J, et al. Social economic burden survey of a varicella outbreak defined as a public health emergency in a kindergarten in Beijing. Chin J Sch Health. 2015;36(9):1361\u20131363, 1368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16835\/j.cnki.1000-9817.2015.09.027.","DOI":"10.16835\/j.cnki.1000-9817.2015.09.027"},{"issue":"12","key":"13815_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00248-7","volume":"8","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang H, Lai X, Patenaude BN, Jit M, Fang H. Adding new childhood vaccines to China\u2019s National Immunization Program: evidence, benefits, and priorities. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8(12):e1016\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00248-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"13815_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1477909","volume":"14","author":"Y Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu Y, Liu S, Che X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Du J, Zhang X, Wang J, Xu E. Seroepidemiology of varicella in Hangzhou, China in the vaccine era. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(10):2464\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2018.1477909.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4233-7","volume":"19","author":"L Luan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luan L, Shen X, Qiu J, Jing Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang J, Dong C. Seroprevalence and molecular characteristics of varicella-zoster virus infection in Chinese children. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4233-7.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"13815_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081225","volume":"10","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Li Q, Du X, Zhao X, Yin Z. Vaccine Coverage and Effectiveness in a School-Based Varicella Outbreak in Jinan Prefecture, Shandong Province. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(8):1225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10081225.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"13815_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu Q, Zhang Q, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu Q, Tang L, Wang X, Yang H, Wen N, Yin Z, Wang F. Varicella vaccine coverage levels among 1\u201314-year-old children in China in 2020: a cross-sectional survey. Chin J Vaccines Immun. 2022;28(2):169\u2013173,178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19914\/j.CJVI.2022033.","DOI":"10.19914\/j.CJVI.2022033"},{"issue":"5","key":"13815_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1594781","volume":"18","author":"AEN Goh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goh AEN, Choi EH, Chokephaibulkit K, Choudhury J, Kuter B, Lee PI, Marshall H, Kim JO, Wolfson LJ. Burden of varicella in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic literature review. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(5):475\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2019.1594781.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000195636.43584.bb","volume":"25","author":"B Khoshnood","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khoshnood B, Debruyne M, Lan\u00e7on F, Emery C, Fagnani F, Durand I, Floret D. Seroprevalence of varicella in the French population. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(1):41\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.inf.0000195636.43584.bb.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00149119","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00149119","volume":"36","author":"KS B\u00fcchele","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00fcchele KS, Correa DF, Tuyama M, Lemos ADS, Costa MDD, Mesquita EC, Costa DMD, Cerbino-Neto J, Varela MC, Brasil PEAAD, Brand\u00e3o LGP. Seroprevalence of varicella antibodies in adults without clinical history of disease. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36(1):e00149119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-311X00149119.","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"12","key":"13815_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21917","volume":"82","author":"WS Choi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi WS, Noh JY, Huh JY, Jo YM, Lee J, Song JY, Kim WJ, Cheong HJ. Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus in Korea. J Med Virol. 2010;82(12):2123\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.21917.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"13","key":"13815_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001546","volume":"145","author":"K Bollaerts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bollaerts K, Riera-Montes M, Heininger U, Hens N, Souverain A, Verstraeten T, Hartwig S. A systematic review of varicella seroprevalence in European countries before universal childhood immunization: deriving incidence from seroprevalence data. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(13):2666\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268817001546.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211465","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2211465","volume":"19","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Yu J, Dong C, Zhang J, Liu N, Qian C, Luan L. Seroprevalence rates in children aged 3\u20136 years after implementing a two-dose varicella vaccination: A observational study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2023;19(1):2211465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2023.2211465.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"13815_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2021.100136","volume":"10","author":"A Gentile","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gentile A, Del Valle Juarez M, Lucion MF, Pejito MN, Mart\u00ednez AC, Folino A, Viegas M, Giglio N. Impact of varicella vaccination in Argentina: Seroprevalence in children and adults in a pediatric hospital. Vaccine X. 2021;10:100136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvacx.2021.100136.","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521188","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2025.2521188","volume":"21","author":"B Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu B, Li X, Shi H, Yuan L, Jing Y, Hui Y, Xu M, Zhang Y, Zhao K, Sun Q, Fan J, Yang M. Investigation and analysis of influencing factors on the economic burden of varicella disease in Qingyang, China, 2024. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2025;21(1):2521188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2025.2521188.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12343-x","volume":"21","author":"M Pawaskar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pawaskar M, M\u00e9roc E, Samant S, Flem E, Bencina G, Riera-Montes M, Heininger U. Economic burden of varicella in Europe in the absence of universal varicella vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):2312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12343-x.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"13815_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100639","volume":"32","author":"H Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng H, Zhang H, Ma C, Zhang H, Yin D, Fang H. National and provincial burden of varicella disease and cost-effectiveness of childhood varicella vaccination in China from 2019 to 2049: a modelling analysis. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;32:100639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100639.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR23","first-page":"39","volume":"55","author":"H Ma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ma H, Fontaine R, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Varicella outbreak among primary school students\u2013Beijing, China, 2004. MMWR Suppl. 2006;55(1):39\u201343.","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"issue":"2","key":"13815_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020662","volume":"17","author":"H Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu H, Zhao H, Ou R, Zeng Q, Hu L, Qiu H, Sharma M, Ye M. Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Varicella in Chongqing, China, 2014\u20132018. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(2):662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17020662.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02661-6","volume":"22","author":"T Zeng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeng T, Lian CX, Zhang XY, Liu PQ, Ao J, Zhou GF, Chen XD, Huang DD, Hu DG, Chen X. Clinical symptoms and molecular epidemiologic characteristics of varicella patients among children and adults in Ganzhou, China. Virol J. 2025;22(1):44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02661-6.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"13815_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02303-3","volume":"21","author":"R Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng R, Lin F, Deng Z, Liang J, Li X, Lu M, Li L. Prevalence and progression of pneumonia in immunocompetent adults with varicella. Virol J. 2024;21(1):39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02303-3.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"13815_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535977","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1535977","volume":"13","author":"Z Chang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chang Z, Li H, Li Y, Qin T, Hu M, Yang X, Li J, Xie Y. Comparison of trend analysis of varicella zoster disease burden between China and the world 1990\u20132021 and disease burden forecast 2030. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1535977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1535977.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13815-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13815-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13815-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T01:31:38Z","timestamp":1788139898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13815-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13815-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All the information on the mandatory reported varicella cases is extracted from the network of the National Mandatory Disease Reporting System (NNDRS). All procedures involving research study participants in the serological survey were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Ethical Committee of Chongqing CDC (NO.:2024-KY-034-1). Written informed consents were obtained from all participants or their parents\/legal guardians prior to enrolment.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1575"}}