{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:18:04Z","timestamp":1787786284057,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13830-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:27:57Z","timestamp":1781627277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology of source-related candidaemia and breakthrough candidaemia in intensive care units"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ay\u015fe Sena","family":"\u015ei\u015fman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U\u011fur","family":"\u00d6nal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"\u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emel","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"Kazak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Heper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcven","family":"\u00d6zkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remzi","family":"\u0130\u015f\u00e7imen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00fcneyt","family":"\u00d6zak\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beyza","family":"Ener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halis","family":"Akal\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"13830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","volume":"24","author":"DW Denning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Denning DW. Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24:e428\u201338.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"13830_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klingspor L, Tortorano AM, Peman J, et al. Invasive Candida infections in surgical patients in intensive care units: a prospective, multicentre survey initiated by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) (2006\u20132008). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:87.e1-87.e10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.08.011"},{"key":"13830_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2497-3","volume":"23","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, et al. Incidence and outcome of invasive candidiasis in intensive care units (ICUs) in Europe: results of the EUCANDICU project. Crit Care. 2019;23:219.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"13830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02222-z","volume":"52","author":"M Marangos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marangos M, Ioannou P, Senn L, et al. Role of source control in critically ill candidemic patients: a multicenter retrospective study. Infection. 2024;52:1733\u201343.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"13830_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad139","volume":"78","author":"A Soriano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soriano A, Honore PM, Puerta-Alcalde P, et al. Invasive candidiasis: current clinical challenges and unmet needs in adult populations. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78:1569\u201385.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"13830_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0539-2","volume":"9","author":"E Ghrenassia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghrenassia E, Mokart D, Mayaux J, et al. Candidemia in critically ill immunocompromised patients: report of a retrospective multicenter cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9:62.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"13830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00450-7","volume":"8","author":"S Ohki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ohki S, Shime N, Kosaka T, Fujita N. Impact of host- and early treatment- related factors on mortality in ICU patients with candidemia: a bicentric retrospective observational study. J Intensive Care. 2020;8:30.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"13830_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12746","volume":"61","author":"SC Mellinghoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mellinghoff SC, Hoenigl M, Koehler P, et al. EQUAL Candida Score: An ECMM score derived from current guidelines to measure QUAlity of Clinical Candidaemia Management. Mycoses. 2018;61:326\u201330.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"13830_CR9","unstructured":"EQUAL-Candida-. 2019. https:\/\/ehaweb.org\/assets\/Uploads\/EQUAL-Candida-2019.pdf (Access date: 01\/09\/2024)."},{"key":"13830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3109-3","volume":"39","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Marchetti M, Chakrabarti A, et al. A research agenda on the management of intra-abdominal candidiasis: results from a consensus of multinational experts. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:2092\u2013106.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"13830_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3866-2","volume":"41","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Righi E, Ansaldi F, et al. A multicenter multinational study of abdominal candidiasis: epidemiology, outcomes and predictors of mortality. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:1601\u201310.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"13830_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4065-5","volume":"19","author":"C Keighley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keighley C, Chen SC, Marriott D, et al. Candidaemia and a risk predictive model for overall mortality: a prospective multicentre study. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:445.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"13830_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992;101:1644\u20131655.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644"},{"key":"13830_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.022","volume":"45","author":"E Tigen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tigen E, Bilgin H, Perk GH, et al. Risk factors, characteristics, and outco- mes of candidemia in an adult intensive care unit in Turkey. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45:e61\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"13830_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9322-5","volume":"170","author":"ES Horasan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Horasan ES, Ers\u00f6z G, G\u00f6ksu M, et al. Increase in Candida parapsilosis fungemia in critical care units: a 6-years study. Mycopathologia. 2010;170:263\u20138.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"13830_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903321572","volume":"42","author":"M Dizbay","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dizbay M, Fidan I, Kalkanci A, et al. High incidence of Candida parapsilosis candidaemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: epidemiology and anti- fungal susceptibility. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42:114\u201320.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"13830_CR17","first-page":"265","volume":"18","author":"N Yapar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yapar N, Akan M, Avkan-Oguz V, et al. Risk factors, incidence and outcome of candidemia in a Turkish intensive care unit: a five-year retrospective cohort study. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care. 2014;18:265\u201371.","journal-title":"Anaesth Pain Intensive Care"},{"key":"13830_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.5455\/annalsmedres.2019.11.756","volume":"27","author":"E Erdogan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erdogan E, Mustafa Erdogan M, Acun Delen L. Candidemia in adult intensive care units: Analysis of a 4 year process in a tertiary hospital in Turkey. Annals Med Res. 2021;27:2968\u201373.","journal-title":"Annals Med Res"},{"key":"13830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1103-y","volume":"23","author":"AM Tortorano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tortorano AM, Peman J, Bernhardt H, et al. Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;23:317\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"13830_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12209","volume":"57","author":"E Kazak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kazak E, Ak\u0131n H, Ener B, et al. An investigation of Candida species isolated from blood cultures during 17 years in a university hospital. Mycoses. 2014;57:623\u20139.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"13830_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.024","volume":"25","author":"P Koehler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koehler P, Stecher M, Cornely OA, et al. Morbidity and mortality of candidemia in Europe: an epidemiologic meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:1200\u201312.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"13830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120452","volume":"10","author":"AA Cleveland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cleveland AA, Harrison LH, Farley MM, et al. Declining incidence of candidemia and the shifting epidemiology of Candida resistance in two US metro- politan areas, 2008\u20132013: results from population-based surveillance. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0120452.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13830_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03994-6","volume":"40","author":"B Mete","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mete B, Zerdali EY, Aygun G, et al. Change in species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of candidemias in an intensive care unit of a university hospital (10-year experience). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40:325\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"13830_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8516","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238516","volume":"14","author":"M Durmus","year":"2025","unstructured":"Durmus M, G\u00fczel Karahan S, Akbulut S, Y\u0131lmaz ZB, Karabulut E. Factors Associated with Candidemia After Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Med. 2025;14:8516.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"13830_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1523","volume":"71","author":"XC Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen XC, Xu J, Wu DP. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Breakthrough Candidemia in 71 Hematologic Malignancy Patients and\/or Alloge- neic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: A Single-center Retrospective Study From China, 2011\u20132018. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(Suppl 4):394\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"13830_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx038","volume":"56","author":"SH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SH, Choi JK, Cho SY, et al. Risk factors and clinical outcomes of breakthrough yeast bloodstream infections in patients with hematological malignancies in the era of newer antifungal agents. Med Mycol. 2018;56:197\u2013206.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"13830_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08314-9","volume":"23","author":"L Calle-Miguel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calle-Miguel L, Garrido-Colino C, Santiago-Garc\u00eda B, et al. Changes in the epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in a Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit: the relevance of breakthrough infections. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23:348.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"13830_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.09.029","volume":"22","author":"G Cuervo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cuervo G, Garcia-Vidal C, Nucci M, et al. Breakthrough candidaemia in the era of broad-spectrum antifungal therapies. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:181\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"13830_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breda GL, Felipe F, Tuon JF, Meis, et al l. Breakthrough candidemia after the introduction of broad spectrum antifungal agents: a 5-year retrospective study. Medical Mycology. 2018;56:406\u2013415.","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx077"},{"key":"13830_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-026-01307-6","volume":"15","author":"M Duyu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Duyu M, A\u015f\u0131k A. Predictive Utility of the Pediatric-EQUAL Scale in Pediatric Candidemia Admitted to PICU Association with Clinical and Microbiological Factors Related Mortality. Infect Dis Ther. 2026;15:987\u20131001.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"13830_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01791","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01791-16","volume":"61","author":"M Kimura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kimura M, Araoka H, Yamamoto H, et al. Clinical and Microbiological Cha- racteristics of Breakthrough Candidemia in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients in a Japanese Hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e01791\u201316.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"13830_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"myad056","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad056","volume":"61","author":"R Nishida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nishida R, Eriguchi Y, Miyake N, et al. Breakthrough candidemia with hematological disease: Results from a single-center retrospective study in Japan, 2009\u20132020. Med Mycol. 2023;61:myad056.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13830-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13830-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13830-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:40:03Z","timestamp":1787784003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13830-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13830-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine on May 3, 2023, with decision number 2023-10\/4. Since the study was retrospective, informed consent was not obtained from the patients.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1564"}}