{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:07:06Z","timestamp":1789092426276,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":80,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13841-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:53:08Z","timestamp":1782197588000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks and small ruminants in western Iran: epidemiological insights and genotyping"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Abdoreza","family":"Amrollahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Moravedji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikwan Khademi","family":"Baneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmine","family":"Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rahravani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Salehi-Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Pouriayevali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"13841_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.azn.2025.05.004","volume":"1","author":"L Gong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gong L, Diao L, Lv T, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang W, et al. A comprehensive review of tick-borne disease epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and prevention. Anim Zoonoses. 2025;1(3):254\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.azn.2025.05.004.","journal-title":"Anim Zoonoses"},{"key":"13841_CR2","unstructured":"Organization WHO. [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts ]."},{"key":"13841_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sc S, Cerny J. Genetic background of adaptation of Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus to the different tick hosts. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(4):e0302224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0302224.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302224"},{"issue":"4","key":"13841_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001974","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001974","volume":"105","author":"JH Kuhn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuhn JH, Alkhovsky SV, Avsic-Zupanc T, Bergeron \u00c9, Burt F, Ergunay K, et al. ICTV virus Taxonomy profile: nairoviridae 2024. J Gener Virol. 2024;105(4):001974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001974.","journal-title":"J Gener Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00970-5","volume":"9","author":"J de la Fuente","year":"2024","unstructured":"de la Fuente J, Ghosh S, Lempereur L, Garrison A, Sprong H, Lopez-Camacho C, et al. Interventions for the control of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever and tick vectors. NPJ Vaccines. 2024;9(1):181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-024-00970-5.","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"13841_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185829","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1185829","volume":"14","author":"T Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah T, Li Q, Wang B, Baloch Z, Xia X. Geographical distribution and pathogenesis of ticks and tick-borne viral diseases. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1185829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1185829.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-024-00244-3","volume":"26","author":"K Muzammil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muzammil K, Rayyani S, Abbas Sahib A, Gholizadeh O, Naji Sameer H, Jwad Kazem T, et al. Recent advances in Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus detection, treatment, and vaccination: overview of current status and challenges. Biol Proced Online. 2024;26(1):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12575-024-00244-3.","journal-title":"Biol Proced Online"},{"issue":"7","key":"13841_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00871-9","volume":"21","author":"DW Hawman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hawman DW, Feldmann H. Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(7):463\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-023-00871-9.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13841_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3005.231647","volume":"30","author":"MG Frank","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus for Clinicians\u2014epidemiology, Clinical manifestations, and prevention Special Pathogens Research N. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians-Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention. Emerg Infect Dis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(5):854\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3005.231647.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"13841_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513123","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1513123","volume":"11","author":"SS Celina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Celina SS, Italiya J, Tekkara AO, Cerny J. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks, domestic, and wild animals. Front Vet Sci. 2025;11:1513123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1513123.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"13841_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846884","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.846884","volume":"13","author":"M Maqbool","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maqbool M, Sajid MS, Saqib M, Anjum FR, Tayyab MH, Rizwan HM, et al. Potential mechanisms of transmission of tick-borne viruses at the virus-tick interface. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:846884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.846884.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"13841_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spengler JR, Bergeron \u00c9, Rollin PE. Seroepidemiological studies of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in domestic and wild animals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(1):e0004210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004210.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004210"},{"key":"13841_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antunez MP, Marin Montesinos JC, Corduneanu A, Obregon D, Moutailler S, Cabezas-Cruz A. Tick-borne viruses and their risk to public health in the Caribbean: spotlight on bats as reservoirs in Cuba. Heliyon. 2024;10(4):e26118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26118"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.007","volume":"100","author":"M Keshtkar-Jahromi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Sajadi MM, Ansari H, Mardani M, Holakouie-Naieni K. Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Antiviral Res. 2013;100(1):20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.007.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"13841_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.4.307","volume":"15","author":"H Hoogstraal","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hoogstraal H. Review article 1: the epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa23. J Med Entomol. 1979;15(4):307\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmedent\/15.4.307.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13841_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.353","volume":"24","author":"S Saidi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Saidi S, Casals J, Faghih MA. Crimean hemorrhagic fever-congo (CHF-C) virus antibodies in man, and in domestic and small mammals, in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975;24(2):353\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.353.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"13841_CR17","first-page":"319","volume":"42","author":"A Ardoin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ardoin A, Karimi Y. A focus of thrombocytopenic purpura in East Azerbaidjan province, Iran (1974-1975) (author\u2019s transl). Med Trop (Mars). 1982;42(3):319\u201326.","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)"},{"key":"13841_CR18","unstructured":"Chinikar S, Mazaheri V, Mirahmadi R, Salehi P, Hosseini N, Nabeth P, et al. A serological survey in suspected human patients of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran by determination of IgM-specific ELISA method during 2000-2004. 2005."},{"issue":"2","key":"13841_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.10.014","volume":"47","author":"S Chinikar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Hewson R, Moradi M, Haeri A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran and neighboring countries. J Clin Virol. 2010;47(2):110\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.10.014.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"13841_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9159","volume":"14","author":"S Chinikar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chinikar S, Ghiasi S, Moradi M. Epidemiological situation of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever. Crit Care. 2010;14(Suppl 2):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc9159.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"13841_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0509","volume":"89","author":"E Mostafavi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mostafavi E, Haghdoost A, Khakifirouz S, Chinikar S. Spatial analysis of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Am Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89(6):1135\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0509.","journal-title":"Am Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"13841_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081054","volume":"17","author":"P Iglesias-Rivas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iglesias-Rivas P, Gonzalez-Vazquez LD, Arenas M. Molecular evolution and phylogeography of the Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Viruses. 2025;17(8):1054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17081054.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"13841_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papa A, Marklewitz M, Paraskevopoulou S, Garrison AR, Alkhovsky SV, Avsic-Zupanc T, et al. History and classification of Aigai virus (formerly Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever virus genotype VI). J Gener Virol. 2022;103(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001734.","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001734"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-90","volume":"9","author":"K Midilli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Midilli K, Gargili A, Ergonul O, Elevli M, Ergin S, Turan N, et al. The first clinical case due to AP92 like strain of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and a field survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9(1):90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-90.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"13841_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.533","volume":"69","author":"M Salehi-Vaziri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salehi-Vaziri M, Baniasadi V, Jalali T, Mirghiasi SM, Azad-Manjiri S, Zarandi R, et al. The first fatal case of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever caused by the AP92-like strain of the Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2016;69(4):344\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.533.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"13841_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.30466\/vrf.2024.2022437.4162","volume":"15","author":"M Tavassoli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tavassoli M, Zarrabi Ahrabi S, Akyildiz G, Keles AG. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, transfer patterns, vectors and history in Iran and neighboring countries. Vet Res Forum. 2024;15(11):575\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30466\/vrf.2024.2022437.4162.","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4206\/ajvs.561.02","volume":"56","author":"KA Al Salihi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Salihi KA, Younise M, Zuhair Mahmoud Z, Hussain T. The 2022 Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Iraq. Austral J Vet Sci. 2024;56(1):35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4206\/ajvs.561.02.","journal-title":"Austral J Vet Sci"},{"key":"13841_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.12.003","volume":"126","author":"H Leblebicioglu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leblebicioglu H, Ozaras R, Irmak H, Sencan I. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey: current status and future challenges. Antiviral Res. 2016;126:21\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.12.003.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"13841_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13488","volume":"67","author":"KK Kasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kasi KK, von Arnim F, Schulz A, Rehman A, Chudhary A, Oneeb M, et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from livestock in Balochistan, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67(4):1543\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.13488.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"13841_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110061","volume":"17","author":"ML Mustafa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mustafa ML, Ayazi E, Mohareb E, Yingst S, Zayed A, Rossi CA, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Afghanistan, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(10):1940\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1710.110061.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"13841_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.22099\/ijvr.2023.47192.6806","volume":"24","author":"M Moravedji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moravedji M, Beig M, Baseri N, Rahravani M, Latifian M, Esmaeili S. Molecular detection of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in domestic ruminants and their ticks in selected areas of western Iran. Iran J Vet Res. 2023;24(3):270\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22099\/ijvr.2023.47192.6806.","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"13841_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2024.0014","volume":"24","author":"M Moravedji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moravedji M, Latifian M, Rahravani M, Mostafavi E, Seyfi H, Mohammadi M, et al. Detection of various rickettsial species in ticks collected from small ruminants in western Iran. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2024;24(11):730\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0014.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"13841_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101779","volume":"83","author":"M Rahravani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahravani M, Moravedji M, Mostafavi E, Baseri N, Seyfi H, Mohammadi M, et al. Molecular detection of Francisella tularensis in small ruminants and their ticks in western Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022;83:101779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101779.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"13841_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.03.025","volume":"159","author":"M Rahravani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahravani M, Moravedji M, Mostafavi E, Mozoun MM, Zeeyaie AH, Mohammadi M, et al. Clinical, hematological and molecular evaluation of piroplasma and Anaplasma infections in small ruminants and tick vectors from Kurdistan province, western Iran. Res Vet Sci. 2023;159:44\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.03.025.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"13841_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elfving K, Olsen B, Bergstrom S, Waldenstrom J, Lundkvist \u00c5, Sjostedt A, et al. Dissemination of spotted fever rickettsia agents in Europe by migrating birds. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(1):e8572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0008572.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008572"},{"key":"13841_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2023.01.007","volume":"6","author":"RA Alhilfi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alhilfi RA, Khaleel HA, Raheem BM, Mahdi SG, Tabche C, Rawaf S. Large outbreak of Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in Iraq, 2022. IJID Regions. 2023;6:76\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijregi.2023.01.007.","journal-title":"IJID Regions"},{"key":"13841_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zamanian MH, Nouri R, Shirvani M, Mohseniafshar Z, Miladi R, Mehdizad R, et al. Evaluation of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in Kermanshah (2006-2020). Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2023;25(3):e128662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/zjrms-128662.","DOI":"10.5812\/zjrms-128662"},{"key":"13841_CR38","first-page":"9786200625571","volume":"56","author":"A Hosseini-Chegeni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hosseini-Chegeni A. An illustrated guide to identification of ticks (Acari: ixodidae & Argasidae) the species that infest domestic animals in Iran. GlobeEdit. 2021;56:9786200625571.","journal-title":"GlobeEdit"},{"issue":"3","key":"13841_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.18502\/jad.v16i3.12039","volume":"16","author":"Z Telmadarraiy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Telmadarraiy Z, Kooshki H, Edalat H, Vatandoost H, Bakhshi H, Faghihi F, et al. Study on hard and soft ticks of domestic and wild animals in western Iran. JAD. 2023;16(3):225\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jad.v16i3.12039.","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"13841_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hosseini-Chegeni A, Tavakoli M, Telmadarraiy Z. The updated list of ticks (Acari: ixodidae & Argasidae) occurring in Iran with a key to the identification of species. saa. 2019;24(11):2133\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11158\/saa.24.11.8.","DOI":"10.11158\/saa.24.11.8"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"13841_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2008.01028.x","volume":"55","author":"S Chinikar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chinikar S, Goya MM, Shirzadi MR, Ghiasi SM, Mirahmadi R, Haeri A, et al. Surveillance and laboratory detection system of Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in Iran. Transboundary Emerging Dis. 2008;55(5\u20136):200\u201304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2008.01028.x.","journal-title":"Transboundary Emerging Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"13841_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.070068","volume":"13","author":"R Wolfel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolfel R, Paweska JT, Petersen N, Grobbelaar AA, Leman PA, Hewson R, et al. Virus detection and monitoring of viral load in Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(7):1097\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1307.070068.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"13841_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0247","volume":"10","author":"S Chinikar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Moradi M, Goya MM, Shirzadi MR, Zeinali M, et al. Geographical distribution and surveillance of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010;10(7):705\u201308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2009.0247.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"13841_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3162-7","volume":"162","author":"D Aslani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aslani D, Salehi-Vaziri M, Baniasadi V, Jalali T, Azad-Manjiri S, Mohammadi T, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever among children in Iran. Arch Virol. 2017;162(3):721\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-016-3162-7.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13841_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.329009","volume":"14","author":"M Khoobdel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khoobdel M, Jafari AS, Telmadarraiy Z, Sedaghat MM, Bakhshi H. Tick-borne pathogens in Iran: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2021;14(11):486\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1995-7645.329009.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"13841_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.27.284.10341","volume":"27","author":"B Davari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davari B, Alam FN, Nasirian H, Nazari M, Abdigoudarzi M, Salehzadeh A. Seasonal distribution and faunistic of ticks in the Alashtar county (Lorestan Province), Iran. Iran Pan Afr Med J. 2017;27:284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2017.27.284.10341.","journal-title":"Iran Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"13841_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv081","volume":"52","author":"MH Kayedi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kayedi MH, Chinikar S, Mostafavi E, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Hosseini-Chegeni A, et al. Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever virus clade IV (asia 1) in ticks of western Iran. J Med Entomol. 2015;52(5):1144\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjv081.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0016-3","volume":"33","author":"A Moming","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moming A, Yue X, Shen S, Chang C, Wang C, Luo T, et al. Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from different ecosystems in Xinjiang, China. Virol Sin. 2018;33(1):67\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12250-018-0016-3.","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"issue":"4","key":"13841_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23214","volume":"84","author":"I Gergova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gergova I, Kunchev M, Kamarinchev B. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus\u2013tick survey in endemic areas in Bulgaria. J Med VirolJournal Med Virol. 2012;84(4):608\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.23214.","journal-title":"J Med VirolJournal Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-011-9492-y","volume":"56","author":"O Hekimoglu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hekimoglu O, Ozer N, Ergunay K, Ozkul A. Species distribution and detection of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in field-collected ticks in Ankara Province, central Anatolia, Turkey. Exp Appl Acarol. 2012;56(1):75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-011-9492-y.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"issue":"8","key":"13841_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2745","volume":"21","author":"EV Adjogoua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adjogoua EV, Coulibaly-Guindo N, Diaha-Kouame CA, Diane MK, Kouassi R, Coulibaly JT, et al. Geographical distribution of ticks Ixodidae in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: potential reservoir of the Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2021;21(8):628\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2020.2745.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR52","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"F Faghihi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Faghihi F, Chinikar S, Telmadarraiy Z, Bakhshi H, Khakifirooz S, Jalali T, et al. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and molecular survey in north of Iran. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2015;3(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Entomol Zool Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"13841_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70435-2","volume":"6","author":"\u00d6 Ergonul","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ergonul \u00d6. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(4):203\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70435-2.","journal-title":"The Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"13841_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.01.005","volume":"298","author":"L Gern","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gern L, Cadenas FM, Burri C. Influence of some climatic factors on Ixodes ricinus ticks studied along altitudinal gradients in two geographic regions in Switzerland. Int J Med Microbiol. 2008;298:55\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.01.005.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13841_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.12.002","volume":"3","author":"LJ Jameson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jameson LJ, Morgan PJ, Medlock JM, Watola G, Vaux AGC. Importation of Hyalomma marginatum, vector of Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus, into the United Kingdom by migratory birds. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012;3(2):95\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.12.002.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"13841_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107091","volume":"249","author":"HR Byun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Byun HR, Rieu MS, Han SW, Ji SR, Nam HY, Seo S, et al. Ixodid ticks from wild and domestic animals in East and central Asian flyways. Acta Trop. 2024;249:107091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107091.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"13841_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1458","volume":"14","author":"L Toma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Toma L, Mancini F, Di Luca M, Cecere JG, Bianchi R, Khoury C, et al. Detection of microbial agents in ticks collected from migratory birds in central Italy. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014;14(3):199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2013.1458.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"13841_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00048","volume":"3","author":"G Hasle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasle G. Transport of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013;3:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00048.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13841_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07222-y","volume":"19","author":"R Zhou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhou R, Gao P, Cecere JG, Rubolini D, Koopmans M, Mancuso E, et al. A systematic review of the occurrence of Hyalomma ticks associated with birds migrating between Africa and the Northern Hemisphere. Parasites Vectors. 2026;19(1):73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-025-07222-y.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"13841_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.10.004","volume":"132","author":"MP Szabo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Szabo MP, Rossi GF, Cabral DD, Martins MM, Gerardi M, Amorim MP, et al. Experimental evaluation of birds as disseminators of the cosmopolitan tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: ixodidae). Exp Parasitol. 2012;132(4):389\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.10.004.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13841-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13841-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13841-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:44:29Z","timestamp":1789091069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13841-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-13841-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch (Approval ID: IR.IAU.SDJ.REC.1402.107), in compliance with international (Declaration of Helsinki) and Iranian ethical standards for conducting medical research. Approval for this study was also obtained from the Kermanshah Provincial Veterinary Organization. Written permission for animal sampling was granted by the Veterinary Organization. Informed consent was obtained from all animal owners prior to sample collection, and the names and contact information of the owners were recorded at the time of sampling.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1644"}}