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Written and signed informed consent was obtained from all participating residents, household heads, and volunteer mosquito collectors. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the protection of the rights, safety, and well-being of the study participants. For participants under 18\u2009years of age, the consent form and survey were completed and signed by a parent or legal guardian. Residents who tested positive for malaria were treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in accordance with the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) guidelines. For mosquito collections using the human landing catch (HLC) method, all volunteer collectors provided written informed consent after being fully informed of the procedures and potential risks associated with exposure to mosquito bites. To minimize the risk of malaria infection, prophylactic antimalarial treatment was provided to all HLC volunteers throughout the study period. In addition, collectors received training on safe collection procedures, personal protection measures, and were closely monitored for any febrile symptoms, with prompt access to medical care when needed.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1713"}}