{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:28:37Z","timestamp":1792718917140,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-14198-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:53:43Z","timestamp":1787046823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal trends and shifting mycological spectrum of infectious keratitis in Egypt before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a four-year laboratory-based surveillance study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rasha Mokhtar","family":"Elnagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somaia Abdalla","family":"Abouria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal S.","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habeeb Ali","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona S.","family":"Abdelhafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"14198_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S447138","volume":"18","author":"R Awad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Awad R, Ghaith AA, Awad K, Mamdouh Saad M, Elmassry AA. Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances. Clin Ophthalmol. 2024;18:85\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S447138.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"14198_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00203","volume":"10","author":"AC Bisen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bisen AC, Sanap SN, Agrawal S, Biswas A, Mishra A, Verma SK, et al. Etiopathology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Fungal Keratitis. ACS Infect Dis. 2024;10(7):2356\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00203.","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"14198_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02202-3","volume":"37","author":"KW Kam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kam KW, Rao SK, Young AL. The diagnostic dilemma of fungal keratitis. Eye (Lond). 2023;37(3):386\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-022-02202-3.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"14198_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7040273","volume":"7","author":"JJ Hoffman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoffman JJ, Burton MJ, Leck A. Mycotic Keratitis-A Global Threat from the Filamentous Fungi. J Fungi (Basel). 2021;7(4):273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7040273.","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"14198_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002306","volume":"39","author":"GL Qiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qiao GL, Ling J, Wong T, Yeung SN, Iovieno A. Candida Keratitis: Epidemiology, Management, and Clinical Outcomes. Cornea. 2020;39(7):801\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002306.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"14198_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120960339","volume":"31","author":"MD Toro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toro MD, Br\u00e9zin AP, Burdon M, Cummings AB, Evren Kemer O, Malyugin BE, et al. Early impact of COVID-19 outbreak on eye care: Insights from EUROCOVCAT group. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(1):5\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1120672120960339.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"14198_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061431","volume":"12","author":"N Kapelushnik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kapelushnik N, Benyosef S, Skaat A, Abdelkader A, Landau Prat D, Blum-Meirovitch S, et al. The Effect of Face Masks during COVID-19 Pandemic on Ocular Surface Temperature-A Clinical Thermographic Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(6):1431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12061431.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"14198_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S373758","volume":"16","author":"L Michaels","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michaels L, Richardson J, Walkden A, Carley F. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Incidence and Characteristics of Culture-Positive Microbial Keratitis at a Tertiary Eye Hospital in the UK. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022;16:2513\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S373758.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"14198_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2023.100358","volume":"5","author":"M Fahim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fahim M, Abu ElSood H, AbdElGawad B, Deghedy O, Naguib A, Roshdy WH, et al. Adapting an integrated acute respiratory infections sentinel surveillance to the COVID-19 pandemic requirements, Egypt, 2020\u20132022. Public Health Pract (Oxf). 2023;5:100358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhip.2023.100358.","journal-title":"Public Health Pract (Oxf)"},{"key":"14198_CR10","unstructured":"Public Health Surveillance for COVID-19: Interim Guidance. World Health Organization. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-2019-nCoV-surveillanceguidance-2020.8. Accessed 22 June 2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"14198_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30448-5","volume":"21","author":"L Brown","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brown L, Leck AK, Gichangi M, Burton MJ, Denning DW. The global incidence and diagnosis of fungal keratitis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(3):e49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30448-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"14198_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.02.015","volume":"123","author":"PY Prakash","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prakash PY, Bhargava K. A modified micro chamber agar spot slide culture technique for microscopic examination of filamentous fungi. J Microbiol Methods. 2016;123:126\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.02.015.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"14198_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5380","volume":"52","author":"E Evren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evren E, G\u00f6\u00e7men JS, \u0130\u015ftar EH, Yavuzdemir \u015e, Tekeli A, Yavuz Y, et al. Medically important Candida spp. identification: an era beyond traditional methods. Turk J Med Sci. 2022;52(3):834\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55730\/1300-0144.5380.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"14198_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-023-00332-7","volume":"13","author":"SI Sakr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakr SI, Nayel AA, Habeel CS, Elkhabiry HK, Ibrahim GM, Tolba MM, et al. Epidemiological profile of microbial keratitis in Alexandria-Egypt a 5 years retrospective study. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2023;13(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-023-00332-7.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"14198_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2017.01.10","volume":"10","author":"AE Badawi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Badawi AE, Moemen D, El-Tantawy NL. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of infectious keratitis at Mansoura Ophthalmic Center, Egypt. Int J Ophthalmol. 2017;10(1):61\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18240\/ijo.2017.01.10.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"14198_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2021.1914667","volume":"29","author":"N Sadik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadik N, Elzeiny SM, Ali YE, Sobeih D. Fungal Keratitis in the Egyptian Delta: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Microbiological Diagnosis. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2022;29(2):198\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09286586.2021.1914667.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"14198_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"myaf038","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaf038","volume":"63","author":"S Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma S, Singla N, Arya SK, Gulati N, Chander J, Keratomycosis. An insight into epidemiology, etiology, and antifungal susceptibility testing of causative agents at a tertiary care centre. Med Mycol. 2025;63(4):myaf038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myaf038.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"3","key":"14198_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100063","volume":"13","author":"I Nakajima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakajima I, Fukuda K, Sumi T, Yamashiro K. Exaggerated immune response to fungal keratitis post-COVID-19 vaccination. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2024;13(3):100063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100063.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"issue":"5","key":"14198_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1054","volume":"106","author":"SI Murthy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murthy SI, Thakkar B, Mishra DK. Rapidly Progressing Fungal Keratitis with Endophthalmitis Post-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;106(5):1292\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1054.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"14198_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.55","volume":"31","author":"SZ Tan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan SZ, Walkden A, Au L, Fullwood C, Hamilton A, Qamruddin A, et al. Twelve-year analysis of microbial keratitis trends at a UK tertiary hospital. Eye (Lond). 2017;31(8):1229\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2017.55.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"14198_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02288-4","volume":"42","author":"A Roy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roy A, Chaurasia S, Ramappa M, Joseph J, Mishra DK. Clinical profile of keratitis treated within 3 months of acute COVID-19 illness at a tertiary care eye centre. Int Ophthalmol. 2022;42(10):3027\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-022-02288-4.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"14198_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S512671","volume":"19","author":"AC Randag","year":"2025","unstructured":"Randag AC, Wellens L, Kazemian N, Schimmer B, van Rooij J. Microbial Keratitis Before, During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic, and the Role of Contact Lens Wear and Hand Hygiene. Clin Ophthalmol. 2025;19:1033\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S512671.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"14198_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.12.005","volume":"12","author":"G Satpathy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Satpathy G, Ahmed NH, Nayak N, Tandon R, Sharma N, Agarwal T, et al. Spectrum of mycotic keratitis in north India: Sixteen years study from a tertiary care ophthalmic centre. J Infect Public Health. 2019;12(3):367\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.12.005.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"14198_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0102-8","volume":"183","author":"A Binnani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Binnani A, Gupta PS, Gupta A. Epidemio-Clinico-Microbiological Study of Mycotic Keratitis in North-West Region of Rajasthan. Mycopathologia. 2018;183(4):717\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-016-0102-8.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"14198_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2018.1454964","volume":"25","author":"JD Chidambaram","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chidambaram JD, Venkatesh Prajna N, Srikanthi P, Lanjewar S, Shah M, Elakkiya S, et al. Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes in severe microbial keratitis in South India. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25(4):297\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09286586.2018.1454964.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"14198_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094182","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1094182","volume":"13","author":"M Soleimani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soleimani M, Izadi A, Khodavaisy S, Dos Santos CO, Tehupeiory-Kooreman MC, Ghazvini RD, et al. Fungal keratitis in Iran: Risk factors, clinical features, and mycological profile. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1094182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1094182.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"14198_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648962","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1648962","volume":"16","author":"MF Acosta-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Acosta-Gonz\u00e1lez MF, Bautista-Hern\u00e1ndez LA, Ponce-Angulo DG, Anaya-Barrag\u00e1n F, Bautista-de Lucio VM. Microbial coinfection keratitis: clinical spectrum, pathogen distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility in an 8-year retrospective study. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1648962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1648962.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"14198_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768611","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1768611","volume":"16","author":"Y Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang XL, Huang BH, Zhao Q, Gu YF. From fields to eyes: the epidemiology and immune challenges of fungal keratitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1768611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1768611.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"14198_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S346227","volume":"16","author":"M Menard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menard M, Shah YS, Stroh IG, Zafar S, Sriparna M, Zhang N, et al. Microbial Profile and Clinical Outcomes of Fungal Keratitis at a Single-Center Tertiary Care Hospital. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022;16:389\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S346227.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"14198_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.17.2.15","volume":"17","author":"J Chauhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chauhan J, Kaur N, Kumar H, Bala R, Dhiman R. Microbiological Profile of Infectious Keratitis at a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2023;17(2):891\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22207\/JPAM.17.2.15.","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"14198_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S395877","volume":"17","author":"M Lima-Fontes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lima-Fontes M, Martinho-Dias D, Leuzinger-Dias M, Cunha AM, Neves Cardoso P, Torr\u00e3o L, et al. Microbiological Profile of Infectious Keratitis During Covid-19 Pandemic. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023;17:535\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S395877.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"14198_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003720","volume":"44","author":"L Haro-Morlett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haro-Morlett L, Vera-Duarte GR, Oliveros-Valdes F, Cortes-Moreno TN, Ramirez-Miranda A, Navas A, et al. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Microbial Keratitis: A 5-Year Comparative Study. Cornea. 2024;44(10):1248\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003720.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"5","key":"14198_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9050589","volume":"9","author":"R Xuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xuan R, Hong SC, Trinh T, Coroneo MT, Petsoglou C. Case Series of Rare Fungal Keratitides: Experiences from a Quaternary Eye Hospital in Sydney, Australia. J Fungi (Basel). 2023;9(5):589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9050589.","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"14198_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.26719\/2011.17.6.468","volume":"17","author":"A Saad-Hussein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saad-Hussein A, El-Mofty HM, Hassanien MA. Climate change and predicted trend of fungal keratitis in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2011;17(6):468\u201373.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"14198_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0491","volume":"109","author":"B Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao B, Vu CHV, Le CX, Hoang Anh T, Pham Ngoc D, Nguyen Xuan H, et al. Seasonal and Temporal Trends of Infectious Keratitis in Northern Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023;109(6):1397\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0491.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"14198_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051613","volume":"14","author":"N Yamada","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yamada N, Iwamoto N, Sakuma A, Sunada J, Aoki R, Mikuni M, et al. The Temporal Distribution and Microbial Spectrum in Infectious Keratitis: A Comprehensive Single-Center Study. J Clin Med. 2025;14(5):1613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14051613.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"14198_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698780","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.698780","volume":"11","author":"K Ahmadikia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmadikia K, Aghaei Gharehbolagh S, Fallah B, Naeimi Eshkaleti M, Malekifar P, Rahsepar S, et al. Distribution, Prevalence, and Causative Agents of Fungal Keratitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (1990 to 2020). Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:698780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.698780.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"14198_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103191","volume":"19","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Shang J, Guo F, Shen C, Wang Z, Zhang Y, et al. Climate\u2019s eye: A 20-year study on climate and pollution impacts on fungal keratitis incidence. J Infect Public Health. 2026;19(5):103191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103191.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"14198_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0085-4","volume":"32","author":"DSJ Ting","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ting DSJ, Settle C, Morgan SJ, Baylis O, Ghosh S. A 10-year analysis of microbiological profiles of microbial keratitis: the NorthEast England Study. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(8):1416\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-018-0085-4.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-026-14198-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-14198-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-026-14198-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:02:10Z","timestamp":1787151730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12879-026-14198-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-026-14198-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Research Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (R.24.12.2953). The study was carried out in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Owing to its retrospective design and the use of anonymized laboratory data, informed consent was waived.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1528"}}