{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:50:41Z","timestamp":1787161841052,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The brain tumor is the growth of abnormal cells inside the brain. These cells can be grown into malignant or benign tumors. Segmentation of tumor from MRI images using image processing techniques started decades back. Image processing based brain tumor segmentation can be divided in to three categories conventional image processing methods, Machine Learning methods and Deep Learning methods. Conventional methods lacks the accuracy in segmentation due to complex spatial variation of tumor. Machine Learning methods stand as a good alternative to conventional methods. Methods like SVM, KNN, Fuzzy and a combination of either of these provide good accuracy with reasonable processing speed. The difficulty in processing the various feature extraction methods and maintain accuracy as per the medical standards still exist as a limitation for machine learning methods. In Deep Learning features are extracted automatically in various stages of the network and maintain accuracy as per the medical standards. Huge database requirement and high computational time is still poses a problem for deep learning. To overcome the limitations specified above we propose an unsupervised dual autoencoder with latent space optimization here. The model require only normal MRI images for its training thus reducing the huge tumor database requirement. With a set of normal class data, an autoencoder can reproduce the feature vector into an output layer. This trained autoencoder works well with normal data while it fails to reproduce an anomaly to the output layer. But a classical autoencoder suffer due to poor latent space optimization. The Latent space loss of classical autoencoder is reduced using an auxiliary encoder along with the feature optimization based on singular value decomposition (SVD). The patches used for training are not traditional square patches but we took both horizontal and vertical patches to keep both local and global appearance features on the training set. An Autoencoder is applied separately for learning both horizontal and vertical patches. While training a logistic sigmoid transfer function is used for both encoder and decoder parts. SGD optimizer is used for optimization with an initial learning rate of .001 and the maximum epochs used are 4000. The network is trained in MATLAB 2018a with a processor capacity of 3.7\u00a0GHz with NVIDIA GPU and 16\u00a0GB of RAM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results are obtained using a patch size of 16\u2009\u00d7\u200964, 64\u2009\u00d7\u200916 for horizontal and vertical patches respectively. In Glioma images tumor is not grown from a point rather it spreads randomly. Region filling and connectivity operations are performed to get the final tumor segmentation. Overall the method segments Meningioma better than Gliomas. Three evaluation metrics are considered to measure the performance of the proposed system such as Dice Similarity Coefficient, Positive Predictive Value, and Sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An unsupervised method for the segmentation of brain tumor from MRI images is proposed here. The proposed dual autoencoder with SVD based feature optimization reduce the latent space loss in the classical autoencoder. The proposed method have advantages in computational efficiency, no need of huge database requirement and better accuracy than machine learning methods. The method is compared Machine Learning methods Like SVM, KNN and supervised deep learning methods like CNN and commentable results are obtained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-021-00614-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T06:03:01Z","timestamp":1620885781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A dual autoencoder and singular value decomposition based feature optimization for the segmentation of brain tumor from MRI images"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Aswani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Menaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"614_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umamaheswari K, Rajesh P, Srinivasa Rao S, Vinodh Babu P. 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As a research scholar and along with co-authors of concerned field, the paper has been submitted with full responsibility, following due ethical procedure, and there is no duplicate publication, fraud, plagiarism, or concerns about animal or human experimentation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"I, Aswani K, give my\u00a0consent\u00a0for the\u00a0publication\u00a0of identifiable details, which can include photograph(s) and\/or videos and\/or case history and\/or details within the text (\u201cMaterial\u201d) to be\u00a0published\u00a0in the above Journal and Article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"82"}}