{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:29:35Z","timestamp":1787020175073,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of the variable rate bolus tracking technique combined with third-generation dual-source CT dual-energy scanning in enhancing the quality of head and neck vascular CT angiography (CTA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a retrospective analysis of 202 patients who underwent head and neck vascular CTA using a third-generation dual-source CT with dual-energy scanning. Patients were divided based on the contrast injection method into two groups: the variable-rate bolus tracking group (Group A,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009100) and the fixed flow rate group (Group B,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009102). We compared subjective image quality, venous artifacts, and objective image quality parameters between the two groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The amount of contrast agent used in Group A was significantly lower than in Group B. Additionally, mean attenuation values of arterial segments in Group A were markedly lower than those in Group B. Compared to Group B, attenuation values of the intracranial venous sinuses, right jugular vein, superior vena cava, right subclavian vein, and left jugular vein in Group A showed significant reductions. No significant difference was observed in the subjective image quality between the two groups. However, venous artifact in the right subclavian vein was significantly diminished in Group A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The application of the variable rate bolus tracking technique alongside third-generation dual-source CT dual-energy scanning in head and neck vascular CTA can achieve high-quality imaging while reducing contrast agent dosage. It enhances the attenuation contrast of intracranial arteries and veins and minimizes residual contrast and artifacts in the right subclavian vein.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01613-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:48:44Z","timestamp":1741067324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimization of head and neck vascular CT angiography using variable rate bolus tracking technique and third-generation dual-source CT dual-energy scanning"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Wei-Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Gang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A-Lai","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Jun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1613_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000135154.53953.2C","volume":"63","author":"SA Josephson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Josephson SA, Bryant SO, Mak HK, Johnston SC, Dillon WP, Smith WS. Evaluation of carotid stenosis using CT angiography in the initial evaluation of stroke and TIA. Neurology. 2004;63(3):457\u201360.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1613_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.029512","volume":"51","author":"JH Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi JH, Jang J, Koo J, Ahn KJ, Sam Shin Y, Kim BS. Multiphasic computed tomography angiography findings for identifying pseudo-occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Stroke. 2020;51(8):2558\u201362.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"1613_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-020-01751-y","volume":"27","author":"K Huynh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huynh K, Baghdanian AH, Baghdanian AA, Sun DS, Kolli KP, Zagoria RJ. Updated guidelines for intravenous contrast use for CT and MRI. Emerg Radiol. 2020;27(2):115\u201326.","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1613_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12121394","volume":"267","author":"MS Davenport","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davenport MS, Khalatbari S, Dillman JR, Cohan RH, Caoili EM, Ellis JH. Contrast material-induced nephrotoxicity and intravenous low-osmolality iodinated contrast material. Radiology. 2013;267(1):94\u2013105.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1613_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118379","volume":"259","author":"F Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang F, Lu Z, Wang F. Advances in the pathogenesis and prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Life Sci. 2020;259:118379.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1613_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2016.06.005","volume":"97","author":"M Kayan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kayan M, Demirtas H, T\u00fcrker Y, Kayan F, \u00c7etinkaya G, Kara M, Orhan \u00c7elik A, Umul A, Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6, Recep Akta\u015f A. Carotid and cerebral CT angiography using low volume of iodinated contrast material and low tube voltage. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2016;97(11):1173\u20139.","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"issue":"1070","key":"1613_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160634","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160634","volume":"90","author":"T Shirasaka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shirasaka T, Hiwatashi A, Yamashita K, Kondo M, Hamasaki H, Shimomiya Y, Nakamura Y, Funama Y, Honda H. Optimal scan timing for artery-vein separation at whole-brain CT angiography using a 320-row MDCT volume scanner. Br J Radiol. 2017;90(1070):20160634.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1613_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2013.12.006","volume":"21","author":"D Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneider D, Apfaltrer P, Sudarski S, Nance JW Jr, Haubenreisser H, Fink C, Schoenberg SO, Henzler T. Optimization of kiloelectron volt settings in cerebral and cervical dual-energy CT angiography determined with virtual monoenergetic imaging. Acad Radiol. 2014;21(4):431\u20136.","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1613_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.11.005","volume":"83","author":"P Apfaltrer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Apfaltrer P, Sudarski S, Schneider D, Nance JW Jr, Haubenreisser H, Fink C, Schoenberg SO, Henzler T. Value of monoenergetic low-kV dual energy CT datasets for improved image quality of CT pulmonary angiography. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83(2):322\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1613_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-011-9897-z","volume":"28","author":"S Okayama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okayama S, Seno A, Soeda T, Takami Y, Kawakami R, Somekawa S, Ishigami K, Takeda Y, Kawata H, Horii M, Uemura S, Saito Y. Optimization of energy level for coronary angiography with dual-energy and dual-source computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;28(4):901\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"10","key":"1613_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.04.040","volume":"82","author":"S Sudarski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sudarski S, Apfaltrer P, Nance JW Jr, Schneider D, Meyer M, Schoenberg SO, Fink C, Henzler T. Optimization of keV-settings in abdominal and lower extremity dual-source dual-energy CT angiography determined with virtual monoenergetic imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(10):e574\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1613_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maeda T, Oda M, Kito S, Tanaka T, Wakasugi-Sato N, Matsumoto-Takeda S, Joujima T, Miyamura Y, Kiyota K, Tsutsumi K, Morimoto Y. Can the lower rate of CT- or MRI-related adverse drug reactions to contrast media due to stricter limitations on patients undergoing contrast-enhanced CT or MRI? DENTOMAXILLOFAC RAD. 2020;49(2):20190214.","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20190214"},{"issue":"3","key":"1613_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13122276","volume":"09\u201301","author":"MS Davenport","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davenport MS, Khalatbari S, Cohan RH, Dillman JR, Myles JD, Ellis JH. Contrast material-induced nephrotoxicity and intravenous low-osmolality iodinated contrast material: risk stratification by using estimated glomerular filtration rate. Radiology. 2013;09\u201301(3):719\u201328.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1613_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2301021008","volume":"230","author":"K Awai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Awai K, Hiraishi K, Hori S. Effect of contrast material injection duration and rate on aortic peak time and peak enhancement at dynamic CT involving injection protocol with dose tailored to patient weight. Radiology. 2004;230(1):142\u201350.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"36","key":"1613_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11841","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011841","volume":"97","author":"S Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu S, Zheng J, Zhang L. Craniocervical computed tomography angiography with adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D algorithm and automatic tube current modulation in patients with different body mass indexes. Med (Baltim). 2018;97(36):e11841.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1613_CR16","first-page":"1012","volume":"05\u201301","author":"S Bash","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bash S, Villablanca JP, Jahan R, Duckwiler G, Tillis M, Kidwell C, Saver J, Sayre J. Intracranial vascular stenosis and occlusive disease: evaluation with CT angiography, MR angiography, and digital subtraction angiography. AM J NEURORADIOL. 2005;05\u201301(5):1012\u201321.","journal-title":"AM J NEURORADIOL"},{"key":"1613_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng Y, He R, Ren Y, Che Y, Wang G. Cervicocerebral computed tomography angiography for older patients based on time to peak and number of time points to peak in the test bolus technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2023;47(1):165\u201372.","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001396"},{"issue":"3","key":"1613_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05191107","volume":"3","author":"SS Waikar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waikar SS, Liu KD, Chertow GM. Diagnosis, epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(3):844\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1613_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h4395","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4395","volume":"351","author":"SA Silver","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silver SA, Shah PM, Chertow GM, Harel S, Wald R, Harel Z. Risk prediction models for contrast induced nephropathy: systematic review. BMJ. 2015;351:h4395.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"1613_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6108","volume":"40","author":"A Eller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eller A, Wiesm\u00fcller M, W\u00fcst W, Heiss R, Kopp M, Saake M, Brand M, Uder M, May MM. Carotid CTA at the lowest tube voltage (70\u00a0kV) in comparison with automated tube voltage adaption. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;40(8):1374\u201382.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1613_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5407-1","volume":"28","author":"L Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao L, Li F, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Wang X, Gu J, Li D. Assessment of an advanced virtual monoenergetic reconstruction technique in cerebral and cervical angiography with third-generation dual-source CT: feasibility of using low-concentration contrast medium. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(10):4379\u201388.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1613_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12957","volume":"62","author":"J Kan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kan J, Milne M. Aorta, liver, and portal vein CT contrast enhancement during the portal venous phase are positively associated with abdominal fat percentage in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2021;62(4):437\u201344.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"1","key":"1613_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10090908","volume":"256","author":"KT Bae","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bae KT. Intravenous contrast medium administration and scan timing at CT: considerations and approaches. Radiology. 2010;256(1):32\u201361.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1613_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2018.06.026","volume":"16","author":"MK Kalra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kalra MK, Becker HC, Enterline DS, Lowry CR, Molvin LZ, Singh R, Rybicki FJ. Contrast administration in CT: a patient-centric approach. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019;16(3):295\u2013301.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1613_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.03.007","volume":"71","author":"WH Nijhof","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nijhof WH, Hilbink M, Jager GJ, Slump CH, Rutten MJ. A non-invasive cardiac output measurement as an alternative to the test bolus technique during CT angiography. Clin Radiol. 2016;71(9):e9401\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01613-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01613-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01613-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:48:47Z","timestamp":1741067327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01613-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01613-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"72"}}