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The model incorporated Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) to provide visual interpretability of diagnostic predictions. Model performance was evaluated using standard metrics, including accuracy and F1 score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MSFE-GallNet-X achieved a classification accuracy of 99.63% and an F1 score of 99.50%, outperforming state-of-the-art models including VGG-19 (98.89%) and DenseNet121 (91.81%), while maintaining greater parameter efficiency, only 1\u00b791\u2009M parameters in gallbladder disease classification. Visualization through Grad-CAM and LIME highlighted critical image regions influencing model predictions, supporting explainability for clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MSFE-GallNet-X demonstrates strong performance on a controlled and balanced dataset, suggesting its potential as an AI-assisted tool for clinical decision-making in gallbladder disease management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01902-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T15:07:12Z","timestamp":1756566432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["MSFE-GallNet-X: a multi-scale feature extraction-based CNN Model for gallbladder disease analysis with enhanced explainability"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hadiur Rahman","family":"Nabil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istyak","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aritra","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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