{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:42:49Z","timestamp":1786120969638,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-026-02463-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T16:57:04Z","timestamp":1779728224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leveraging the non-contrast CT component of PET\/CT: an AI-driven delta-radiomics approach to monitor treatment response in metastatic breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emir Gokhan","family":"Kahraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olcun Umit","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halil","family":"Taskaynatan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emine","family":"Budak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Alper","family":"Selver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2463_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21660.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"2463_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dju055","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju055","volume":"106","author":"N Howlader","year":"2014","unstructured":"Howlader N, Altekruse SF, Li CI, Chen VW, Clarke CA, Ries LA, et al. US incidence of breast cancer subtypes defined by joint hormone receptor and HER2 status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(5):dju055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/dju055.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2463_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S155524","volume":"10","author":"Z Xiong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiong Z, Deng G, Huang X, Li X, Xie X, Wang J, et al. Bone metastasis pattern in initial metastatic breast cancer: a population-based study. Cancer Manag Res. 2018;10:287\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CMAR.S155524.","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2463_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.09.019","volume":"32","author":"A Gennari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gennari A, Andr\u00e9 F, Barrios CH, Cort\u00e9s J, de Azambuja E, DeMichele A, et al. ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis, staging and treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(12):1475\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.09.019.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2463_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-023-00578-3","volume":"9","author":"J Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma J, Chan JJ, Toh CH, Yap YS. Emerging systemic therapy options beyond CDK4\/6 inhibitors for hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2023;9(1):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41523-023-00578-3.","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"2463_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269922","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1269922","volume":"15","author":"D Pu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pu D, Wu Y, Xu D, Shi G, Chen H, Feng D, et al. The adverse events of CDK4\/6 inhibitors for HR+\/ HER2- breast cancer: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1269922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1269922.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2463_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2024.2402074","volume":"40","author":"PP Masurkar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Masurkar PP, Prajapati P, Canedo J, Goswami S, Earl S, Bhattacharya K. Cost-effectiveness of CDK4\/6 inhibitors in HR+\/HER2- metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2024;40(10):1753\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03007995.2024.2402074.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2463_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.1.80","volume":"1","author":"CM Costelloe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costelloe CM, Chuang HH, Madewell JE, Ueno NT. Cancer Response Criteria and Bone Metastases: RECIST 1.1, MDA and PERCIST. J Cancer. 2010;1:80\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/jca.1.80.","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"2463_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15024","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2015.24","volume":"3","author":"D Ulmert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ulmert D, Solnes L, Thorek DLJ. Contemporary approaches for imaging skeletal metastasis. Bone Res. 2015;3:15024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/boneres.2015.24.","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2463_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.263358","volume":"64","author":"M Vogsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vogsen M, Harbo F, Jakobsen NM, Nissen HJ, Dahlsgaard-Wallenius SE, Gerke O, et al. Response Monitoring in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study Comparing 18F-FDG PET\/CT with Conventional CT. J Nucl Med. 2023;64(3):355\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.121.263358.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2463_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040723","volume":"11","author":"M Vogsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogsen M, B\u00fclow JL, Ljungstr\u00f8m L, Oltmann HR, Alamdari TA, Naghavi-Behzad M, et al. FDG-PET\/CT for Response Monitoring in Metastatic Breast Cancer: The Feasibility and Benefits of Applying PERCIST. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(4):723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11040723.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2463_CR12","first-page":"53","volume":"83","author":"MW Saif","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saif MW, Tzannou I, Makrilia N, Syrigos K. Role and cost effectiveness of PET\/CT in management of patients with cancer. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(2):53\u201365.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2463_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.222893","volume":"61","author":"ME Mayerhoefer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayerhoefer ME, Materka A, Langs G, H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m I, Szczypi\u0144ski P, Gibbs P, et al. Introduction to Radiomics. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(4):488\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.118.222893.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2463_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-024-01853-4","volume":"129","author":"V Nardone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nardone V, Reginelli A, Rubini D, Gagliardi F, Del Tufo S, Belfiore MP, et al. Delta radiomics: an updated systematic review. Radiol Med. 2024;129(8):1197\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-024-01853-4.","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2463_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-023-00574-7","volume":"9","author":"M Khorrami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khorrami M, Viswanathan VS, Reddy P, Braman N, Kunte S, Gupta A, et al. Radiomic predicts early response to CDK4\/6 inhibitors in hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2023;9(1):67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41523-023-00574-7.","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"2463_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744724","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.744724","volume":"11","author":"P Jain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jain P, Khorrami M, Gupta A, Rajiah P, Bera K, Viswanathan VS, et al. Novel Non-Invasive Radiomic Signature on CT Scans Predicts Response to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy and Is Prognostic of Overall Survival in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol. 2021;11:744724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.744724.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2463_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-05162-7","volume":"149","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang H, Qiu J, Xie J, Lu W, Pan Y, Ma J, et al. Radiomics-Clinical model based on 99mTc-MDP SPECT\/CT for distinguishing between bone metastasis and benign bone disease in tumor patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023;149(14):13353\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-023-05162-7.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2463_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16010036","volume":"16","author":"G Basirinia","year":"2026","unstructured":"Basirinia G, Comelli A, Alongi P, Ali M, Salvaggio G, Longo C, et al. Radiolabeled Vitamins and Nanosystems as Potential Agents in Oncology Theranostics: Developed Approaches and Future Perspectives. J Pers Med. 2026;16(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm16010036.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"2463_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, et al. From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving Considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med. 2009;50(Suppl 1):122S-150S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.108.057307","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.057307"},{"key":"2463_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wasserthal J, Breit HC, Meyer MT, et al. TotalSegmentator: robust segmentation of 104 anatomic structures in CT images. Radiol Artif Intell. 2003;5:e230024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/ryai.230024","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.230024"},{"key":"2463_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Griethuysen JJM, Fedorov A, Parmar C, et al. Computational radiomics system to decode the radiographic phenotype. Cancer Res. 2007;77(21):e104-e107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0339","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0339"},{"key":"2463_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621677","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1621677","volume":"15","author":"G Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu G, Tian R, Yang W, Zhao J, Chen W, Xiang Z, et al. Prediction of bone oligometastases in breast cancer using models based on deep learning radiomics of PET\/CT imaging. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1621677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1621677.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2463_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081165","volume":"15","author":"R Hajri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hajri R, Aboudaram C, Lassau N, Assi T, Antoun L, Ribeiro JM, et al. Prediction of Breast Cancer Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy with Machine Learning: A Clinical, MRI-Qualitative, and Radiomics Approach. Life (Basel). 2025;15(8):1165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15081165.","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"2463_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2021.12.011","volume":"33","author":"I Sanli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanli I, Osong B, Dekker A, TerHaag K, van Kuijk SMJ, van Soest J, et al. Radiomics biopsy signature for predicting survival in patients with spinal bone metastases (SBMs). Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2022;33:57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctro.2021.12.011.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2463_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0698","volume":"162","author":"KG Moons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moons KG, Altman DG, Reitsma JB, Ioannidis JP, Macaskill P, Steyerberg EW, et al. Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(1):W1\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M14-0698.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2463_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.05.022","volume":"188","author":"A Ibrahim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ibrahim A, Primakov S, Beuque M, Woodruff HC, Halilaj I, Wu G, et al. Radiomics for precision medicine: Current challenges, future prospects, and the proposal of a new framework. Methods. 2021;188:20\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.05.022.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"2463_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21339","volume":"66","author":"MW Kattan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kattan MW, Hess KR, Amin MB, Lu Y, Moons KGM, Gershenwald JE, et al. American Joint Committee on Cancer acceptance criteria for inclusion of risk models for individualized prognosis in the practice of precision medicine. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(5):370\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21339.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02463-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02463-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02463-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T01:59:27Z","timestamp":1786067967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02463-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02463-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards . This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Izmir City Hospital (Date: September 10, 2025; Decision No: 2025\/468). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Izmir City Hospital.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the scientific content, data interpretation, and original drafting of this manuscript were performed entirely by the human authors. Google Gemini was utilized solely for the purpose of refining English grammar, correcting typographical errors, and enhancing stylistic clarity. The authors have reviewed the final text and assume full responsibility for its accuracy and integrity.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Generative AI Usage","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"386"}}