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Patients were randomly divided into training and internal validation cohorts at an 8:2 ratio. Radiomic features were extracted from tumor volumes of interest on both CT phases, and delta-radiomic features were calculated as arterial-phase features minus unenhanced-phase features. Feature selection was performed within the training cohort using statistical filtering, correlation analysis, and LASSO regression. Multiple machine-learning classifiers were evaluated, and a combined clinico-radiomic model was constructed by integrating the delta-radiomics score with selected clinical predictors. Model performance was assessed using ROC analysis, calibration, decision curve analysis, DeLong testing, and repeated stratified random splitting. An additional TCIA cohort of 33 patients was used for exploratory transcriptomic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After feature selection, nine delta-radiomic features derived from paired unenhanced and arterial-phase CT images were retained for model construction. The LightGBM-based delta-radiomics model achieved AUCs of 0.837 and 0.822 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The combined clinical-radiomics model, constructed by integrating the delta-radiomics Rad-score with muscle invasion as a clinical predictor, achieved the best discrimination, with AUCs of 0.860 and 0.861 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively, and showed stable validation performance in 100 repeated splits. High radiomics scores were associated with significantly shorter recurrence-free survival. Exploratory transcriptomic analysis showed enrichment of immune-related pathways in the low-risk radiomic subgroup.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiphasic CT-based delta-radiomics provides a non-invasive approach for predicting postoperative recurrence and stratifying prognosis in bladder cancer. A combined clinico-radiomic model incorporating delta-radiomics and muscle invasion achieved superior predictive performance and may support individualized postoperative risk assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-026-02554-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:25:38Z","timestamp":1783391138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of multiphasic CT-based delta-radiomics model for predicting postoperative recurrence risk in bladder cancer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxin","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4664-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2554_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00744-3","volume":"20","author":"LMC van Hoogstraten","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Hoogstraten LMC, Vrieling A, van der Heijden AG, et al. 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