{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T01:58:16Z","timestamp":1788141496852,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1348-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T15:04:47Z","timestamp":1558019087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Patient characteristics and initiation of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with chronic kidney disease in routine clinical practice in the US: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Blankenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Kathrin","family":"Fett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seline","family":"Eisenring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17789-7","volume":"365","author":"A Meguid El Nahas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meguid El Nahas A, Bello AK. Chronic kidney disease: the global challenge. Lancet. 2005;365:331\u201340.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1348_CR2","unstructured":"United States Renal Data System 2016 Annual Data Report. Available at: https:\/\/www.usrds.org\/2016\/view\/Default.aspx . Accessed 3 May 2019."},{"key":"1348_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765","volume":"11","author":"NR Hill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, Hirst JA, O\u2019Callaghan CA, Lasserson DS, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0158765.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1348_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.173","volume":"12","author":"MC Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas MC, Cooper ME, Zimmet P. Changing epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;12:73.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"1348_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6075","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20166075","volume":"50","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP, Furth SL, Zoccali C. Obesity and kidney disease: hidden consequences of the epidemic. Br J Med Biol Res. 2017;50:e6075.","journal-title":"Br J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"1348_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gansevoort RT, Correa-Rotter R, Hemmelgarn BR, Jafar TH, Heerspink HJL, Mann JF, Matsushita K, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet. 2013;382:339\u201352.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60595-4"},{"key":"1348_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60674-5","volume":"375","author":"K Matsushita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a collaborative meta-analysis of general population cohorts. Lancet. 2010;375:2073\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1348_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1296","volume":"37","author":"KR Tuttle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW, Chiang JL, de Boer IH, Goldstein-Fuchs J, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA consensus conference. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2864\u201383.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1348_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011106","volume":"68","author":"F Jaisser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaisser F, Farman N. Emerging roles of the mineralocorticoid receptor in pathology: toward new paradigms in clinical pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68:49\u201375.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"1348_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T125","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0600","volume":"234","author":"P Kolkhof","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kolkhof P, B\u00e4rfacker L. 30 years of the mineralocorticoid receptor: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: 60 years of research and development. J Endocrinol. 2017;234:T125\u201340.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1348_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320315575849","volume":"16","author":"K Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng K, Arnold J, Sharif A, Gill P, Townend J, Ferro C. Cardiovascular actions of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. 2015;16:599\u2013613.","journal-title":"J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System"},{"key":"1348_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.04.038","volume":"46","author":"B Pitt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pitt B, White H, Nicolau J, Martinez F, Gheorghiade M, Aschermann M, et al. Eplerenone reduces mortality 30 days after randomization following acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:425\u201331.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1348_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","volume":"341","author":"B Pitt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. New Eng J Med. 1999;341:709\u201317.","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"key":"1348_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00257-3","volume":"386","author":"B Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, Webb DJ, Sever P, McInnes G, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015;386:2059\u201368.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1348_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128:e240\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829e8776"},{"key":"1348_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509","volume":"136","author":"CW Yancy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, et al. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017;136:e137\u201361.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"1348_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000792","volume":"7","author":"P Rossignol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rossignol P, Dobre D, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Incidence, determinants, and prognostic significance of hyperkalemia and worsening renal function in patients with heart failure receiving the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone or placebo additional to optimal medical therapy: results from the Eplerenone in mild patients hospitalization and survival study in heart failure (EMPHASIS-HF). Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7:51\u20138.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"1348_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12629","volume":"8","author":"LJ Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun LJ, Sun YN, Shan JP, Jiang GR. Effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on the progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Invest. 2017;8:609\u201318.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Invest"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 1","key":"1348_CR19","first-page":"S1","volume":"43","author":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease","year":"2004","unstructured":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kid Dis. 2004;43(5 Suppl 1):S1\u2013290.","journal-title":"Am J Kid Dis"},{"key":"1348_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.52","volume":"2","author":"KDIGO","year":"2012","unstructured":"KDIGO. Chapter 2: lifestyle and pharmacological treatments for lowering blood pressure in CKD ND patients. Kidney Internat Supplements. 2012;2:347\u201356.","journal-title":"Kidney Internat Supplements"},{"key":"1348_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvw016","volume":"3","author":"B Pitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pitt B, Pedro Ferreira J, Zannad F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure: current experience and future perspectives. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2016;3:48\u201357.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"key":"1348_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.12.013","volume":"55","author":"GJ Becker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Becker GJ, Wheeler DC. Blood pressure control in CKD patients: why do we fail to implement the guidelines? Am J Kid Dis. 2010;55:415\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Kid Dis"},{"key":"1348_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0649-2","volume":"18","author":"H Haller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haller H, Bertram A, Stahl K, Menne J. Finerenone: a new mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist without hyperkalemia: an opportunity in patients with CKD? Curr Hypertension Rep. 2016;18:41.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertension Rep"},{"key":"1348_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002070","volume":"20","author":"P Gosse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gosse P, Macfadyen R. Does eplerenone have a future in the management of hypertension in Europe? J Human Hypertens. 2006;20:829\u201332.","journal-title":"J Human Hypertens"},{"key":"1348_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)02957-6","volume":"15","author":"MH Weinberger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weinberger MH, Roniker B, Krause SL, Weiss RJ. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in mild-to-moderate hypertension. Am J Hypertension. 2002;15:709\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertension"},{"key":"1348_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/ejhf.31","volume":"16","author":"J Iqbal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iqbal J, Parviz Y, Pitt B, Newell-Price J, Al-Mohammad A, Zannad F. Selection of a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist for patients with hypertension or heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:143\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"1348_CR27","unstructured":"K\/DOQI. Guideline 11: Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD. Available at: https:\/\/kidneyfoundation.cachefly.net\/professionals\/KDOQI\/guidelines_bp\/guide_11.htm . Accessed 26 Mar 2019."},{"key":"1348_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossignol P, Massy ZA, Azizi M, Bakris G, Ritz E, Covic A, et al. The double challenge of resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2015;386:1588\u201398.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00418-3"},{"key":"1348_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3748","volume":"24","author":"S Abbas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abbas S, Ihle P, Harder S, Schubert I. Risk of hyperkalemia and combined use of spironolactone and long-term ACE inhibitor angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in heart failure using real-life data: a population-and insurance-based cohort. Pharmacoepidemiology Drug Safety. 2015;24:406\u201313.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology Drug Safety"}],"container-title":["BMC Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-019-1348-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12882-019-1348-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12882-019-1348-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T04:07:16Z","timestamp":1663474036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12882-019-1348-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-019-1348-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The secondary data source used for the analysis meets all of the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliance standards, ensuring patient anonymity. As such, approval from an institutional review board was not necessary.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"AKF, JK, SE and GH are employees of IQVIA. AG and MB are employees of Bayer AG.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"171"}}